tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-73524115238046202562024-03-13T12:17:32.628-07:00PUTRAWAN BACHRIULwanna be is the best friendPutrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.comBlogger19125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-80070967487825241972013-08-02T21:09:00.002-07:002013-08-02T21:12:43.641-07:00ISOLASI DNA
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">LEMBAR ASISTENSI</span></b></div>
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STAMBUK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: A 251 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">10 006</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PERCOBAAN V</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ISOLASI DNA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun t</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ujuan dari percobaan
ini yaitu untuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> mengisolasi DNA
buah-buahan yaitu buah mangga, buah pisang, buah alpukat, buah nanas, dan buah
pepaya.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dasar Teori</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada dasarnya Isolasi DNA merupakan
langkah mempelajari DNA. Salah satu prinsisp isola</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">si</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> DNA yaitu dengan sentrifugasi.
Sentrifugasi merupakan teknik untuk memisahkan campuran berdasarkan berat
molekul komponennya. Molekul yang mempunyai berat molekul besar akan berada di
bagian bawah tabung dan molekul ringan akan berada pada bagian atas tabung
(Mader 193). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) merupakan senyawa kimia yang paling penting dalam makhluk hidup. DNA
merupakan senyawa yang mengandung informasi genetik makhluk hidup dari satu
generasi ke generasi selanjutnya. Keseluruhan DNA dalam suatu sel akan
membentuk genom. Genom meliputi bagian gen yang fungsional maupun
non-fungsional dalam sel organisme.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip-prinsip
dalam melakukan isolasi DNA ada 2, yaitu sentrifugasi dan presipitasi. Prinsip
utama sentrifugasi adalah memisahkan substansi berdasarkan berat jenis molekul
dengan cara memberikan gaya sentrifugal sehingga substansi yang lebih berat
akan berada di dasar, sedangkan substansi yang lebih ringan akan terletak di
atas. Teknik sentrifugasi tersebut dilakukan di dalam sebuah mesin yang bernama
mesin sentrifugasi dengan kecepatan yang bervariasi. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
nukleat telah menjadi bahan penelitian para ahli biokimia sejak senyawa ini
diisolasi dari inti sel untuk pertama kalinya. Ada 2 jenis asam nukleat yaitu
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) atau asam deoksiribonukleat dan RNA (ribonucleic
acid) atau asam ribonukleat. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dana
ditemukan pada tahun 1869 oleh seorang dokter muda Friedrich Miescher yang
percaya bahwa rahasia kehidupan dapat diungkapkan melalui penelitian kimia pada
sel-sel. Ia memilih sel yang terdapat pada nanah untuk dipelajari dan ia mendapatkan
sel-sel tersebut dari bekas pembalut luka yang diperolehnya dari ruang bedah.
Sel-sel tersebut dilarutkan dalam asam encer dan dengan cara ini diperolehnya
inti sel yang masih terikat pada sejumlah protein. Kemudian dengan menambahkan
enzim pemecah protein ia dapat memperoleh inti sel saja dan dengan cara
ekstraksi terhadap inti sel ini ia memperoleh suatu zat yang larut dalam basa
tetapi tidak larut dalam asam. Pada waktu itu ia belum menemukan rumus kimia
dari zat tersebut, sehingga ia menamakannya nuclein. Sebenarnya apa yang ia
peroleh dari ekstrak inti sel tersebut adalah campuran senyawa-senyawa yang
mengandung 30% DNA.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DNA
memiliki struktur pilinan utas ganda yang anti pararel dengan
komponen-komponennya, yaitu gula pentosa (deoksiribosa), gugus fosfat dan
pasangan basa. Sebuah sel memiliki DNA yang merupakan materi genetik dan
bersifat herediter pada seluruh sistem kehidupan. Genom adalah set lengkap dari
materi genetik (DNA) yang dimiliki suatu organisme dan terorganisasi menjadi
kromosom.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">DNA juga dapat diisolasi, baik pada manusia maupun tumbuhan. DNA manusia
dapat diisolasi melalui darah. Komponen darah yang diisolasi yaitu sel darah
putih, karena memiliki nukleus dimana terdapat DNA didalamnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DNA
pada organisme tingkat tinggi seperti manusia, hewan dan tumbuhan terdapat di
dalam inti sel, dan beberapa organ lain di dalam sel seperti mitokondria dan
kloroplast. Penyebutan nama DNA juga didasarkan pada lokasi asalnya. DNA genome
inti (nuclear DNA genome) berasal dari inti sel, DNA genom mitokondria
(mitochondrial DNA genome) berasal dari mitokondria, DNA genom kloroplast
berasal dari kloroplast. Pada organisme tingkat rendah, DNA penyusun kromosom
dan plasmid dibungkus oleh dinding sel (pada bakteri) atau dibungkus oleh
protein tertentu (pada virus). Kromosom eukariot berbentuk linear sedangkan
kromosom prokariot berbentuk sirkular. Selain itu prokariot juga mengandung
satu atau lebih plasmid. Plasmid merupakan mulekul DNA sirkular dengan ukuran yang
jauh lebih kecil dibanding kromosom (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel
eukariotik mengandung sejumlah molekul DNA, masing-masing pada umumnya
berukuran jauh lebih besar dari satu molekul DNA di dalam prokariotanya.
Molekul DNA di dalam eukariotik bergabung dengan protein dan dikelompokkan
menjadi serabut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kromatin</i> di dalam
nucleus, yang dikelilingi oleh sistem membran ganda yang bersifat kompleks. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
ribonukleat terdiri benang panjang ribonukleotida. Walaupun molekul ini jauh
lebih pendek dari DNA, RNA ditemukan dalam jumlah yangt jauh lebih banyak di
dalam kebanyakan sel. Pada sel prokariotik dan eukariotik, ketiga golongan
utama RNA adalah RAN data (mRNA = messenger RNA), RNA Ribosom (rRNA), dan RNA
pemindah (tRNA = transfer RNA). Masing-masing terdiri dari satu rantai
ribonukleotida, dan masing-masing mempunyai molekul urutan nukleotida, dan
fungsi biologis yang khas.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DNA
mengandung 2 basa pirimidin utama, sitosin (C) dan timin (T), dan dua basa urin
utama adenine (A) dan guanin (G). RNA juga mengandung dua pirimidin utama
sitosin (C) dan urasil (U), dan dua basa purin, adenine (A) dan guanine (G)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Poedjiadi, 2005).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini
yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Alat<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b. Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sendok dan garpu<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buah mangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Erlenmeyer<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buah pisang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gelas kimia<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buah pepaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gelas ukur<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buah alpukat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pipet tetes<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buah nenas </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Corong<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sunlight</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabung reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rak tabung reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pisau<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Garam dapur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Neraca digital<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Es batu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun prosedur kerja yang dilakukan pada percobaan ini yaitu sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengupas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
buah dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">memotong-motong kecil lalu
melumatkannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Men</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ambahkan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> gram garam dapur, lalu
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">me</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lumatkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kembali dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> perlahan-lahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Men</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ambahkan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">campuran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> detergen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan aquades</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">perbandingan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1 : 1, d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">an 20 ml aquades. Lalu mengaduk perlahan sampai
homogen,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian mendiamkan selama 15
menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Meny</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aring
ekstrak, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">me</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">masukkan
filtratnya ke dalam tabung reaksi sekitar ¼ volume tabung reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Men</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ambahkan
etanol absolute dingin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, melewati dinding
tabung reaksi dengan perlahan-lahan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ti pemisahan massa
bening dari ekstrak buah, massa bening adalah DNA buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mbil
gambar hasil yang diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil positif terlihat
adanya 3 lapisan yaitu lapisan di dasar tabung adalah ekstrak buah, lapisan
tengah berisi etanol dan lapisan ketiga massa putih (DNA).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hasil Pengamatan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun hasil pengamatn yang diperoleh pada percobaan ini
yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 520px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #C6D9F1; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #C6D9F1; border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 184.25pt;" valign="top" width="246">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah mangga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah mangga + 8 gram NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah mangga + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
diaduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah mangga + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
aquades + diaduk + didiamkan selama 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Filtrat + etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah pepaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pepaya + 8 gram NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pepaya + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
diaduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pepaya + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
aquades + diaduk + didiamkan selama 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Filtrat + etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah nanas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah nanas + 8 gram NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah nanas+ 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
diaduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah nanas + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
aquades + diaduk + didiamkan selama 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Filtrat + etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah pisang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pisang + 8 gram NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pisang+ 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
diaduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah pisang + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
aquades + diaduk + didiamkan selama 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Filtrat + etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Buah alpukat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah alpukat + 8 gram NaCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah alpukat+ 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
diaduk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ektrak buah alpukat + 8 gram NaCl + larutan sabun +
aquades + diaduk + didiamkan selama 15 menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Filtrat + etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.2pt;" valign="top" width="236">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
kuning</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau kekuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
hijau</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kekuningan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terpisah filtrat dan residu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
3 lapisan, lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, lapisan tengah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">etanol absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan lapisan
bawah filtrat buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jingga kemerahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">merah kecoklatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">merah kecoklatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terpisah filtrat dan residu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
3 lapisan, lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, lapisan tengah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">etanol absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan lapisan
bawah filtrat buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kuning muda</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau muda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terpisah filtrat dan residu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
3 lapisan, lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, lapisan tengah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">etanol absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan lapisan
bawah filtrat buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">putih susu</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau pudar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau pudar</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terpisah filtrat dan residu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
3 lapisan, lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, lapisan tengah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">etanol absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan lapisan
bawah filtrat buah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau pekat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berwarna
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hijau muda</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terpisah filtrat dan residu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk
3 lapisan, lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, lapisan tengah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">etanol absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan lapisan
bawah filtrat buah.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembahasan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Isolasi DNA adalah cara untuk memisahkan DNA
dari sel baik dari inti, mitokondria dan kloroplas. Metode yang digunakan untuk
mengisolasi DNA dari berbagai jenis tanaman, organ tanaman, maupun jaringannya
dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Namun pada intinya terdapat tiga faktor
utama yang sangat penting untuk dalam melakukan purifikasi dan ekstraksi DNA
secara maksimal. Isolasi DNA dapat dilakukan dengan beberapa tahap, yaitu
isolasi jaringan, dinding dan membran sel dilisiskan, diekstraksi dalam
larutan, purifikasi dan presipitasi (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada percobaan ini, kita mengisolasi DNA yang
berasal dari jenis </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">buah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">tumbuhan, diantaranya pepaya, mangga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;">, nanas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, alpukat dan pisang. Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini
adalah untuk mengisolasi DNA dari tanaman. Metode yang digunakan pada percobaan
ini adalah metode isolasi dan ekstraksi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan
pertama yaitu mengupas semua sampel dan melumatkannya. Buah dilumatkan
bertujuan untuk</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> memudahkan proses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">memisahkan DNA dengan
partikel</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> - partikel</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> lain yang tidak </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">diperlukan
dalam proses isolasi DNA. Mengekstra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
dilakukan dengan dengan hati – hati agar </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">tidak
merusak struktur DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Selanjutnya, menambahkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> gram garam dapur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (NaCl)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> kedalam masing-masing
sampel. Dimana tujuan penambahan garam dapur adalah untuk memudahkan pemisahan
benang – benang DNA dari larutan sehingga benang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">benang
tersebut akan mudah diamati. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hal
ini dapat terjadi karena ion Na<sup>+</sup> yang dikandung oleh garam mampu
membentuk ikatan dengan kutub negati</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">f</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada ikatan fosfat DNA.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Selanjutnya menambahkan deterjen (sunlight)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang sudah diencerkan dengan aquades, dengan
perbandingan 1 : 1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dengan tujuan untuk merusak membran sel.
Dimana perusakan membran sel terjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">melalui ikatan yang
dibentuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">pada </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">sisi hidrofobik deterjen
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">(sunlight) </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">dengan protein dan lemak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">pada membran membentuk senyawa </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">lipid protein-deterjen
kompleks. Senyawa tersebut dapat terbentuk karena </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">pada </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">protein dan lipid memiliki ujung</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">hidrofilik dan hidrofobik, demikian juga dengan
deterjen, sehingga dapat membentuk suatu ikatan kimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Kemudian menambahkan air kedalam masing –
masing sampel dengan tujuan untuk melarutkan semua zat yang telah ditambahkan.
Lalu mengocoknya dengan hati –hati agar </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">tidak
merusak struktur DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Kemudian mendiamkan semua sampel sampai 15
menit. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pendiaman ini bertujuan agar zat-zat yang telah
ditambahkan dapat bereaksi secara maksimal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Setelah didiamkan selama 15
menit, selanjutnya menyaring masing-masing sampel dan ekstra</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang diperoleh dari
penyaringan dipindahkan kedalam tabung reaksi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">
hingga volumenya ¼ tabung reaksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">etelah itu menambahkan
etanol</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> absolut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dingin ke dalam masing –
msaing tabung reaksi. Penambahan etanol bertujuan untuk <span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">mempermudah terjadinya </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">presipitasi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">pada DNA yang bersifat transparan agar dapat diamati sebagai </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">benang-benang DNA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dalam hal ini, etanol mempunyai sifat yang semipolar, sehingga
bisa menarik molekul air dari DNA, sehingga konsentrasi DNA dapat meningkat dan
akhirnya terpresipitasi. Presipitasi adalah prosedur yang dilakukan untuk
mengendapkan suatu komponen dari campuran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pada percobaan ini, kita </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">meng</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">gunakan etanol absolut dingin bukan
etanol absolut panas, karena </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">etanol </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">absolut dingin </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">dapat </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">mempermudah
terjadinya </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">presipitasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;"> benang-benang DN</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">A, sedangkan jika kita menggunakan etanol </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">absolut </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">panas </span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-themecolor: text1;">DNA dapat mengalami denaturasi.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
sifat alkohol yang mudah menguap maka diharapkan alkohol tersebut dapat membawa
asam nukleat yang terdapat di dalam sampel naik ke permukaan, untuk kemudian
mengendapkannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
hasil pengamatan terlihat terbentuk 3 lapisan, dimana lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> atas adalah DNA, lapisan tengah adalah etanol absolut,
dan lapisan bawah adalah ekstrak buah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Terbentuknya 3
lapisan ini diakibatkan perbedaan massa jenis dari ketiga senyawa tersebut.
Hasil positif yang terlihat pada percobaan yang telah kami lakukan merupakan
suatu hasil yang dapat membuktikan serta menunjukkan cara isolasi DNA tumbuhan.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat
ekstrak dibuat terlihat perbedaan warna pada masing-masing ekstrak. Hal ini
disebabkan karena perbedaan susunan DNA yang terdapat dalam tiap buah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Struktur DNA memiliki ciri khas untuk setiap
individu, meski hanya disusun dari sitosin (C), timin (T), adenine (A) dan
guanin (G), tetapi perbedaan susunan dalam kombinasinya di dalam sel makhluk
hidup dapat menyebabkan ciri khusus untuk tiap individu. Selain itu, pada hasil
yang kami peroleh, banyak atau tebalnya lapisan endapan asam nukleat yang kami
peroleh dari tiap-tiap sampel buah yang berbeda-beda ini disebabkan selain
karena perbedaan sifat dari serta struktur dari ekstrak buah tersebut. Ditambah
lagi, tentunya di dalam sampel buah yang satu terdapat senyawa atau zat yang
mungkin tidak dimiliki oleh buah pada sampel yang lain, yang dapat mempengaruhi
hasil percobaan ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari
percobaan terlihat pada ekstrak nanas tidak berhasil atau tidak terdapat DNA
yang terisolasi. Hal ini dikarenakan saat menghaluskan ekstrak tidak terlalu
halus sehingga ikatan pada DNA tidak dapat putus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tetapi berdasarkan literatur yang ada,
struktur sebagian dari molekul DNA tersebut dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut :
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
ini adalah polimer yang terdiri atas molekul-molekul deoksiribonukleat yang
terikat satu dengan yang lain, sehingga membentuk rantai polinukleotida yang
panjang. Gambar diatas hanyalah sebagian kecil dari bagian DNA. Dari rumus
tersebut terlihat bahwa basa yang mengandung oksigen ditulis dalam bentuk keto
atau laktam. Sebenarnya terdapat keseimbangan antara bentuk keto (laktam)
dengan benmtuk enol (laktim). Keseimbangan ini dipengaruhi oleh pH di
lingkungannya. Dari rumus DNA tersebut dapat pula dilihat bahwa karakteristik
atau ciri khas suatu asam nukleat terletak pada urutan basa purin dan pirimidin
yang terdapat pada molekul asam nukleat tersebut. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan tujuan dan hasil
pengamatan, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk
memperoleh atau mengisolasi asam nukleat dari jaringan-jaringan dalam struktur
tumbuhan dapat diuraikan atau dipecah menjadi protein-protein dan asam nukleat
dengan menambahkan asam-asam lemah atau alkali secara hati-hati, atau dengan
menambah NaCl hingga larutan menjadi jenuh. Setelah terpisah dari protein yang
mengikatnya, asam nukleat dapat diendapkan dengan penambahan alkohol
perlahan-lahan. Disamping itu penambahan NaCl hingga jenuh akan mengendapkan
protein.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anonim, 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Isolasi DNA</i>. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Http://</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.biology.arizona.edu</span><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">/</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biochemistry</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Diakses tanggal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">16</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Desember 201</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hawab, H. M. 2004. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pengantar Biokimia.</i> Bayumedia. Bogor.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lehninger. 1982. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Biokimia Jilid 3.</i> Gramedia. Jakarta.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sakung,
Jamaluddin. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dasar-Dasar Biomedik. </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">UNTAD-Press</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Palu</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tim Pembina Mata Kuliah. 2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">8. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Biokimia Dasar</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">UNTAD-Press</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">. Palu.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">LAMPIRAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 195.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 396pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 1 : Ekstrak buah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 2 : Ekstrak buah setelah ditambah detergent dan aquades</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gambar 3 : proses pemisahan DNA setelah penambahan etanol absolut dingin</span></div>
<br />Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-86362497036945654282013-08-02T21:06:00.001-07:002013-08-02T21:07:51.288-07:00KARBOHIDRAT
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERCOBAAN
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HIDROLISIS
KARBOHIDRAT</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">TUJUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adapun tujuan dari
percobaan ini adalah untuk mempelajari hidrolisis karbohidrat dengan asam.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DASAR
TEORI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat
tersebar luas baik dalam jaringan hewan maupun jaringan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Dalam tumbuh-tumbuhan,
karbohidrat dihasilkan oleh fotosintesis dan mencakup selulosa serta pati. Pada
jaringan hewan, karbohidrat dalam bentuk glukosa dan glikogen. Karbohidrat
adalah polihidroksildehida dan keton polihidroksil atau turunannya. selain itu,
ia juga disusun oleh dua sampai delapan monosakarida yang dirujuk sebagai
oligosakarida. Karbohidrat mempunyai rumus umum Cn(H<sub>2</sub>O)n. Rumus itu
membuat para ahli kimia zaman dahulu menganggap karbohidrat adalah hidrat dari
karbon. Pada umumnya karbohidrat merupakan zat padat berwarna putih yang sukar
larut dalam pelarut organik tetapi larut dalam air (kecuali beberapa
polisakarida).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat
sangat beranekaragam sifatnya. Salah satu perbedaan utama antara berbagai tipe
karbohidrat ialah ukuran molekulnya. Monosakarida (sering disebut gula
sederhana) adalah satuan karbohidrat yang tersederhana; mereka tak dapat
dihidrolisis menjadi molekul karbohidrat yang lebih kecil. Monosakarida dapat
diikat secara bersama-sama untuk membentuk dimer, trimer, dan sebagainya dan
akhirnya polimer. Dimer-dimer disebut disakarida. Sukrosa adalah suatu
disakarida yang dapat dihidrolisis menjadi satu satuan glukosa dan satu satuan
fruktosa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat
dibagi dalam 4 golongan yaitu : monosakarida, disakarida, oligosakarida, dan
polisakarida. Monosakarida adalah karbohidrat yang tidak dapat dihidrolisis
menjadi bentuk yang lebih sederhana. Monosakarida dapat dibedakan berdasarkan
banyaknya atom C pada molekulnya, misalnya triosa dengan 3 atom C; tetrosa
dengan 4 atom C; pentosa dengan 5 atom C; heksosa dengan 6 atom C dan heptosa
sengan 7 atom C. Selain itu dibedakan atas gugus aldehid atau gugus keton yang
dikandungnya menjadi aldosa dan ketosa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida
meliputi glukosa, galaktosa, manosa, fruktosa, dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disakarida
adalah senyawa yang dapat dihidrolisis menjadi 2 molekul monosakarida.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oligosakarida adalah karbohidrat yang
dapat diuraikan menjadi 2 sampai 10 molekul monosakarida.</span></div>
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</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Polisakarida merupakan polimer yang
tetrdiri atas unit-unit monosakarida dan bila dihidrolisis menghasilkan lebih
dari 6 molekul monosakarida. Glikogen dan amilum merupakan polimer glukosa
(Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Karbohidrat</span>
('</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hidrat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">hidrat</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">karbon</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">', <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">hidrat arang</span>)
atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sakarida</span> (dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">bahasa Yunani</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> <i>σάκχαρον</i>, sákcharon, berarti
"</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula" title="Gula"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">gula</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">") adalah segolongan besar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">senyawa organik</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> yang paling melimpah di bumi.
Karbohidrat memiliki berbagai fungsi dalam tubuh </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">makhluk hidup</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, terutama sebagai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_bakar" title="Bahan bakar"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">bahan bakar</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (misalnya </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">glukosa</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">), cadangan makanan (misalnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati_%28polisakarida%29" title="Pati (polisakarida)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">pati</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada tumbuhan dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikogen" title="Glikogen"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">glikogen</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada hewan), dan materi pembangun
(misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selulosa" title="Selulosa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">selulosa</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada tumbuhan, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitin" title="Kitin"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">kitin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">hewan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">jamur</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">). Pada proses </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">fotosintesis</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetumbuhan_hijau" title="Tetumbuhan
hijau"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">tetumbuhan hijau</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> mengubah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon
dioksida"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">karbon dioksida</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> menjadi karbohidrat.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Secara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">biokimia</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, karbohidrat adalah polihidroksil-aldehida atau
polihidroksil-keton, atau senyawa yang menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa ini bila
dihidrolisis. Karbohidrat mengandung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsi" title="Gugus fungsi"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">gugus fungsi</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonil" title="Karbonil"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">karbonil</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (sebagai </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehida" title="Aldehida"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">aldehida</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keton" title="Keton"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">keton</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">) dan banyak gugus </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksil" title="Hidroksil"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">hidroksil</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">. Pada awalnya, istilah karbohidrat
digunakan untuk golongan senyawa yang mempunyai rumus (CH<sub>2</sub>O)<i><sub>n</sub></i>,
yaitu senyawa-senyawa yang <i>n</i> atom karbonnya tampak terhidrasi oleh <i>n</i>
molekul air. Namun demikian, terdapat pula karbohidrat yang tidak memiliki
rumus demikian dan ada pula yang mengandung </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">nitrogen</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">fosforus</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">, atau </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">sulfur</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (Anonim, 2010). </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berfungsi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pembangun struktur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maupun yang
berperan fungsional<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolisme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hasil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>metabolisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain glukosa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>terdapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam darah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>glikogen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang disintesis dalam hati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
digunakan oleh sel-sel pada jaringan otot sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sumber energi. Sifat kimia karbohidrat
berhubungan erat dengan gugus fungsi yang terdapat pada molekulnya yaitu gugus
–OH,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gugus aldehida dan gugus keton.
Berbagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>uji telah dikembangkan untuk
analisis kualitatif maupun kuantitatif terhadap keberadaan karbohidrat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mulai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membedakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>jenis-jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain sampai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada yang mampu membedakan jenis-jenis
karbohidrat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara spesifik. Uji reaksi
tersebut meliputi uji Molisch, Barfoed, Benedict dan fermentasi (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Rak dan
tabung reaksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Plat tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Penangas
listrik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gelas
kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gelas
ukur</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Stopwatch
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
HCl 3M</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
amilum 0,1%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
sukrosa 0,1%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
iodium</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Larutan
Barfoed</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PROSEDUR
KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Adapun prosedur kerja yang dilakukan pada percobaan ini
yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menyiapkan
2 buah tabung reaksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Memasukkan
masing-masing 5 ml larutan amilum 0,1% dan larutan sukrosa 0,1% dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menambahkan larutan HCl 3M ke dalam
masing-masing tabung tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Memanaskan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
kedua</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> tabung reaksi tersebut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diatas</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> penangas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">listrik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian selang 5 menit, mengambil 3
tetes suspensi amilum dan meletakkan dalam plat tetes, kemudian mengujinya
dengan menambahkan iodium sebanyak 3 tetes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menghentikan
pemanasan bila tidak terbentuk lagi warna biru saat amilum ditetesi iodium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Menambahkan
3 ml larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5% ke dalam masing-masing tabung
untuk menetralkan larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Melakukan
pengujian terhadap hasil hidrolisis dengan uji benedict dan uji barfoed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">HASIL PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Proses
Hidrolisis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" width="274">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.75pt;" width="158">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum 1% + HCl 3M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan 1 + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan 2 + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.75pt;" width="158">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo1; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" width="274">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.75pt;" width="158">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.5pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa 1% + HCl 3M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan 1 + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan 2 + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5%</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 118.75pt;" width="158">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Proses
pengujian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uji dengan iodin</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 55.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 480; width: 525px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NO</span></h1>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" width="142">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jenis peengujian</span></h1>
</td>
<td colspan="4" style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 259.15pt;" width="346">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lama pemanasan</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> menit</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">5 menit</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">10 menit</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 24.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15 menit</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 5.35pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">1.</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142">
<h1 style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amilum</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> 0,1%</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">+ HCl 3M, dipanaskan, diuji dengan iod </span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 70.85pt;" width="94">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: 189.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Biru kehitaman</span></h1>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kuning (+)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" width="85">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kuning (++)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 5.35pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 60.7pt;" width="81">
<h1 align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; tab-stops: 189.75pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kuning (+++)</span></h1>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uji
dengan benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amuilum</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.2pt;" width="232">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.2pt;" width="232">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan
1 + benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan
2 + dipanaskan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biru</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biru </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.2pt;" width="232">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 174.2pt;" width="232">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan
1 + benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan
2 + dipanaskan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 135.9pt;" valign="top" width="181">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biru</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Merah bata</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.65pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Uji
dengan Barfoed</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" width="265">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" width="265">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan (1/2 jam) + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Amilum
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan (1/2 jam) + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
5%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ Barfoed</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biru </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa
</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 69.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">NO</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" width="265">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1.0cm;" valign="top" width="38">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.0cm;" width="265">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan (1/2 jam) + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 5% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sukrosa
1% + HCl 3M + dipanaskan (1/2 jam) + larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
5%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ Barfoed</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 111.65pt;" valign="top" width="149">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Bening</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Biru </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Persamaan reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hidrolisis
amilum</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
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</span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Hidrolisis
sukrosa</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">PEMBAHASAN
</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Pati</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">amilum</span>
adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat" title="Karbohidrat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">karbohidrat</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> kompleks yang tidak larut dalam air,
berwujud </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubuk&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bubuk (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">bubuk</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> putih,
tawar dan tidak berbau. Pati merupakan bahan utama yang dihasilkan oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">tumbuhan</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> untuk menyimpan kelebihan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukosa" title="Glukosa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">glukosa</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (sebagai produk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">fotosintesis</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">) dalam jangka panjang. Pati tersusun
dari dua macam karbohidrat, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilosa" title="Amilosa"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">amilosa</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amilopektin" title="Amilopektin"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">amilopektin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, dalam komposisi yang berbeda-beda.
Amilosa memberikan sifat keras (<i>pera</i>) sedangkan amilopektin menyebabkan
sifat lengket. Amilosa memberikan warna ungu pekat pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tes_iodin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tes iodin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">tes iodin</span></a><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
sedangkan amilopektin tidak bereaksi (Anonim, 2010).</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Percobaan ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari
hidrolisis karbohidrat dengan asam. Adapun prinsip dasar dari percobaan ini
yaitu jenis karbohidrat yang molekulnya terdiri dari dua atau lebih
monosakarida dapat diuraikan menjadi unit-unit terkecilnya. Proses penguraian
dapat dipermudah dengan penambahan asam pekat atau enzim. Pada percobaan ini
digunakan 2 sampel,yaitu amilum dan sukrosa. Amilum merupakan jenis karbohidrat
polisakarida yang tersusun atas beberapa molekul glukosa yang membentuk ikatan
(1,4)α D-glukosa. Sedangkan sukrosa merupakan jenis karbohidrat disakarida yang
tersusun atas satu molekul glukosa dan satu molekul fruktosa yang membentuk
ikatan (1,4) α D-glukopiranosa (Fessenden, 1990).</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Proses
Hidrolisis</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perlakuan pertama yang dilakukan pada
percobaan ini yaitu menyiapkan 2 buah tabung reaksi dan mengisinya
masing-masing dengan 5 mL larutan amilum dan 5 ml larutan sukrosa kemudian
menambahkan larutan HCl 3M sebanyak 3 ml ke dalam masing-masing tabung. Amilum atau
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">pati merupakan polisakarida yang terdapat pada sebagian
besar tanaman, terbagi menjadi dua fraksi yaitu amilosa dan amilopektin.
Amilosa (± 20</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%) memilki struktur linier dan dengan iodium memberikan warna biru serta
larut dalam air. Fraksi yang tidak larut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam air</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> disebut amilopektin (± 80</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">%) dengan struktur bercabang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan tidak bereaksi dengan iodium<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.
Pada percobaan ini sampel amilum yang digunakan yaitu amilosa, karena dapat
bereaksi dengan amilum membentuk warna biru kehitaman. Sedangkan sukrosa
merupakan golongan disakarida yang tersusun atas satu molekul glukosa dan satu
molekul fruktosa, dimana penambahan HCl berfungsi untuk menghidrolisis amilum
dan sukrosa dengan cara memutuskan ikatan glikosidanya menjadi unit-unit
terkecilnya. Sesuai dengan literatur amilum dan sukrosa dapat terhidrolisis
sempurna melalui pemanasan dengan penambahan larutan asam sehingga dapat
menghasilkan monosakarida penyusunnya, dimana penyusun amilum adalah glukosa
dan penyusun sukrosa adalah satu molekul glukosa dan satu molekul fruktosa.
Kemudian sampel dipanaskan dengan tujuan untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi
dalam hal ini reaksi hidrolisis. Untuk suspensi amilum, pemanasan dilakukan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara bertahap yaitu tiap 5 menit setelah
pemanasan larutan tersebut diambil kemudian diuji dengan iodium, perlakuan ini
dilakukan hingga 15 menit. Adapun tujuan penambahan larutan iodium adalah untuk
mengetahui apakah amilum telah terhidrolisis secara sempurna atau belum. Sebelum
dilakukan pemanasan, ketika dilakukan penambahan iodium, terbentuk larutan
berwarna biru kehitaman. Terbentuknya warna tersebut menandakan bahwa dalam amilum
belum terhidrolisis dan masih termasuk golongan polisakarida. Untuk 5 menit
pertama setelah ditetesi iodium warna larutan menjadi kuning yang merupakan
dekstrin. Amilum memiliki struktur helix, ketika diteteskan larutan iodium,
maka iodium akan terperangkap kedalam struktur helix tersebut sehingga
terbentuk warna biru kehitaman, kemudian dilakukan pemanasan yang menyebabkan
struktur helixnya terbuka dan iodium dapat keluar dari struktur helix, hal ini
menyebabkan larutan kembali berwarna bening. Selanjutnya pemanasan kedua yaitu
10 menit, setelah ditetesi iodium warna larutan menjadi kuning (++) yang
merupakan maltosa, sedangkan untuk 15 menit pemanasan, diperoleh warna larutan
kuning (+++) yang merupakan glukosa. Hal ini menandakan bahwa amilum sudah
terhidrolisis sempurna, artinya amilum sudah menjadi monomer-monomer yang
sederhana yaitu glukosa. Pada perlakuan ini dihasilkan warna kuning yang
semakin pekat karena adanya kesalahan pada saat praktikum, misalnya pada saat
pemanasan atau penambahan iodium yang berlebih. Adapun </span>tahapan hidrolisis
amilum yaitu : pati (amilum) → larutan pati → amilosa → eritrodekstrin
(bereaksi merah dengan larutan iodine) → akrodekstrin (tidak berwarna dengan
iodine) → maltosa (ada daya pereduksi, positif dengan uji pereduksi contohnya
benedict) → glukosa (daya pereduksi lebih tinggi) (H.M Hawab, 2004).</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Perlakuan selanjutnya yaitu menambahkan 3 ml larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3
</sub>5% ke dalam masing-masing tabung. Adapun fungsi dari penambahan larutan
Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3 </sub>5% yaitu untuk menetralkan kelebihan asam pada
sampel, dimana HCl yang terkandung dalam sampel akan bereaksi dengan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3
</sub>menghasilkan NaCl dan H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Proses Pengujian</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada proses ini,
dilakukan pengujian terhadap masing-masing sampel dengan uji benedict dan uji
barfoed.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
Benedict</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan Benedict terbuat dari campuran
CuSO<sub>4</sub>, NaOH, dan Na sitrat, karbohidrat akan mereduksi Cu<sup>2+</sup>
yang berupa Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> menjadi Cu<sup>+</sup> sebagai CuOH selanjutnya
menjadi Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang tidak larut, berwarna kuning atau merah. Pada saat
yang bersamaan gula pereduksi akan teroksidasi, berfragmentasi dan
berpolimerisasi dalam larutan Benedict. Adapun prinsip dasar dari pengujian ini
yaitu larutan-larutan tembaga yang basa, bila direduksi oleh karbohidrat yang
mempunyai gugus aldehida atau keton bebas akan membentuk kupro oksida (Cu<sub>2</sub>O),
dimana uji positifnya akan menghasilkan warna kuning sampai merah. Berdasarkan
hasil pengamatan, ketika sampel amilum dan sukrosa ditambahkan dengan pereaksi
benedict masing-masing menghasilkan larutan biru, dan setelah dipanaskan
sukrosa menghasilkan larutan berwarna merah bata sebagai reaksi positif dengan
pereaksi benedict yang menandakan bahwa sampel mengandung gula pereduksi, yaitu
glukosa. Reaksi positif ini terjadi karena glukosa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengandung gugus aldehid atau keton
bebas yang dapat mereduksi kompleks ion kupri (Cu<sup>2+</sup>) menjadi bentuk
kupro (Cu<sup>+</sup>) sehingga menghasilkan endapan Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang
berwarna merah bata. Sedangkan pada amilum tidak mengalami perubahan warna
setelah dipanaskan. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh pada proses hidrolisis,
amilum telah terhidrolisis secara sempurna menghasilkan molekul-molekul glukosa
yang merupakan gula pereduksi, namun pada pengujian ini sampel amilum yang
telah terhidrolisis tersebut bereaksi negatif dengan benedict. Hal ini
disebabkan karena adanya kesalahan pada saat praktikum, misalnya pada saat
pemanasan atau penambahan benedict dengan volume yang sedikit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (Anonim,
2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme
reaksi positif pada uji benedict yaitu glukosa dan reagen benedict akan
membentuk enol. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enol yang reaktif mereduksi Cu<sup>2+</sup>
dari senyawa kompleks dengan sitrat menjadi Cu<sup>+</sup>. Cu<sup>+</sup>
bersama OH membentuk CuOH (berwarna kuning), yang dengan pemanasan akan berubah
menjadi endapan Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang berwarna merah. Warna yang terbentuk
bervariasi mulai dari hijau, kuning, orange, merah sampai endapan merah bata,
tergantung jumlah Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang terbentuk, sehingga reaksi ini dapat
digunakan untuk menentukan adanya gula baik secara kualitatif maupun
kuantitatif (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uji Barfoed</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Larutan Barfoed terdiri atas larutan
kupriasetat dan asam asetat dalam air digunakan untuk membedakan antara
monosakarida dengan disakarida. Adapun prinsip dasar dari pengujian ini yaitu
sakarida yang mempunyai gugus aldehid atau keton bebas, mempunyai sifat reaktif,
sifat ini dapat diketahui jika larutan alkalis Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> kemudian
dipanaskan akan terbentuk endapan Cu<sub>2</sub>O yang berwarna biru dalam suasana
asam. Monosakarida lebih reaktif daripada disakarida, sehingga untuk
membedakannya dapat dilakukan dengan penambahan reagen barfoed. Uji positif
dari pengujian ini yaitu ditandai dengan terbentuknya larutan berwarna biru
tua. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, ketika sampel direaksikan dengan
pereaksi barfoed, kedua sampel mengalami perubahan warna menjadi biru muda yang
menandakan bahwa kedua sampel bereaksi negatif dengan reagen barfoed. Namun
berdasarkan literatur, monosakarida akan bereaksi positif dengan reagen
barfoed. Dalam hal ini monosakarida yang dimaksud adalah glukosa yang
dihasilakn dari hidrolisis amilum dan sukrosa. Adanya perbedaan ini disebabkan
karena adanya kesalahan pada saat praktikum seperti pemanasan dan penambahan
reagen dengan volume yang sedikit (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan
tujuan dan hasil pengamatan, maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa karbohidrat
yang molekulnya terdiri dari dua atau lebih monosakarida dapat terhidrolisis
dengan larutan asam menjadi unit-unit terkecilnya. Amilum dengan penambahan
larutan HCl akan terurai menjadi molekul-molekul glukosa, sedangkan sukrosa
akan terurai menjadi satu molekul glukosa dan satu molekul fruktosa</span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 246.5pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anonim,
2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karbohidrat</i>. </span><a href="http://filzahazny.wordpress.com/"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://filzahazny.wordpress.com</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">/karbohidrat/.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diakses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Desember 201</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anonim,
2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karbohidrat</i>. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbohidrat</span></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diakses</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> :</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">15</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;"> Desember 201</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Anonim. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Karbohidrat</i>.
</span><a href="http://sweetir1s.multiply.com/karbohidrat"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">http://sweetir1s.multiply.com//karbohidrat</span></a></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Diakses : 16 Desember 2012.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Fessenden. 1990. Kimia Organik Jilid 2.
Jakarta : Gramedia Pustaka.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Poedjiadi, Anna. 2005. Dasar-Dasar Biokimia.
Jakarta : UI-Press.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tim Pengajar Mata Kuliah. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Biokimia</i>. Palu : UNTAD-Press.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Hidrolisis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_21" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 246pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 327.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
Prngujian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 246pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 327.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></b><br /><br />
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Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-5653602100926258802013-08-02T20:47:00.005-07:002013-08-02T21:07:51.286-07:00LIPID
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LEMBAR ASISTENSI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PUTRAWAN BAHRIUL</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NO.
STAMBUK<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: A 251 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10 006</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KELOMPOK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: IV</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ASISTEN<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ZAENAL ABIDIN</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PECOBAAN
III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LIPIDA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN
</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun tujuan dari percobaan ini yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk menentukan
kelarutan dari suatu lemak dengan minyak dalam berbagai jenis pelarut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk menentukan
tingkat kejenuhan dari suatu lemak dan minyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk mengetahui
reaksi asam basa pada lemak dan minyak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk memisahkan
gliserol dan asam lemak pada minyak dan lemak.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR
TEORI </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lipid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengacu pada senyawa hidrokarbon
alifatik nonpolar dan hidrofobik. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena nonpolar, lipid tidak larut dalam pelarut polar
seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, tetapi larut dalam pelarut nonpolar,
seperti</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkohol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eter" title="Eter"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eter</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroform" title="Kloroform"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kloroform</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Fungsi biologis terpenting lipid
di antaranya untuk menyimpan energi, sebagai komponen struktural </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membran_sel" title="Membran sel"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">membran sel</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan sebagai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pensinyalan_lipid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pensinyalan lipid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pensinyalan
molekul</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipid
adalah senyawa organik yang diperoleh dari proses dehidrogenasi endotermal
rangkaian hidrokarbon. Lipid bersifat amfifilik, artinya lipid mampu membentuk
struktur seperti vesikel, liposom, atau membran lain dalam lingkungan basah.
Lipid biologis seluruhnya atau sebagiannya berasal dari dua jenis subsatuan
atau "blok bangunan" biokimia: gugus ketoasil dan gugus isoprena</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan menggunakan
pendekatan ini, lipid dapat dibagi ke dalam delapan kategori: asil lemak,
gliserolipid, gliserofosfolipid, sfingolipid, sakarolipid, dan poliketida
(diturunkan dari kondensasi subsatuan ketoasil); serta lipid sterol dan lipid
prenol (diturunkan dari kondensasi subsatuan isoprena).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meskipun istilah <i>lipid</i> kadang-kadang
digunakan sebagai sinonim dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemak" title="Lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lemak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Lipid juga meliputi
molekul-molekul seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_lemak" title="Asam lemak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam lemak</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan turunan-turunannya
(termasuk </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigliserida" title="Trigliserida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tri-</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Digliserida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Digliserida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">di-</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monogliserida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Monogliserida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monogliserida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosfolipid" title="Fosfolipid"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fosfolipid</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, juga </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolit" title="Metabolit"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">metabolit</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mengandung </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sterol&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Sterol (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sterol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolesterol" title="Kolesterol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kolesterol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Meskipun manusia dan mamalia
memiliki metabolisme untuk memecah dan membentuk lipid, beberapa lipid tidak
dapat dihasilkan melalui cara ini dan harus diperoleh melalui makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
lemak atau asil lemak ialah istilah umum yang digunakan untuk menjabarkan
bermacam-ragam molekul-molekul yang disintesis dari polimerisasi asetil-KoA
dengan gugus malonil-KoA atau metilmalonil-KoA di dalam sebuah proses yang
disebut sintesis asam lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
lemak terdiri dari rantai hidrokarbon yang berakhiran dengan gugus asam
karboksilat; penyusunan ini memberikan molekul ujung yang polar dan hidrofilik,
dan ujung yang nonpolar dan hidrofobik yang tidak larut di dalam air. Struktur
asam lemak merupakan salah satu kategori paling mendasar dari biolipid biologis
dan dipakai sebagai blok bangunan dari lipid dengan struktur yang lebih
kompleks. Rantai karbon, biasanya antara empat sampai 24 panjang karbon</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> baik yang jenuh
ataupun tak jenuh dan dapat dilekatkan ke dalam gugus fungsional yang
mengandung oksigen, halogen, nitrogen, dand belerang. Ketika terdapat sebuah
ikatan valensi ganda, terdapat kemungkinan isomerisme geometri cis atau trans,
yang secara signifikan memengaruhi konfigurasi molekuler molekul tersebut.
Ikatan ganda-cis menyebabkan rantai asam lemak menekuk, dan hal ini menjadi
lebih mencolok apabila terdapat ikatan ganda yang lebih banyak dalam suatu
rantai. Pada gilirannya, ini memainkan peranan penting di dalam struktur dan
fungsi membran sel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak yang paling banyak muncul
di alam memiliki konfigurasi <i>cis</i>, meskipun bentuk <i>trans</i> wujud
di beberapa lemak dan minyak yang dihidrogenasi secara parsial.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh asam lemak yang penting
secara biologis adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eikosanoid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Eikosanoid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eikosanoid</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, utamanya diturunkan dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_arakidonat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam arakidonat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam
arakidonat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asam_eikosapentaenoat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asam eikosapentaenoat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam
eikosapentaenoat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang meliputi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">prostaglandin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukotriena&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Leukotriena (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">leukotriena</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tromboksana&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tromboksana (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tromboksana</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kelas utama lain dalam kategori
asam lemak adalah ester lemak dan amida lemak. Ester lemak meliputi zat-zat
antara biokimia yang penting seperti</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ester_lilin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ester lilin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ester
lilin</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
turunan-turunan asam lemak tioester </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koenzim_A" title="Koenzim A"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">koenzim A</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, turunan-turunan asam lemak
tioester </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACP" title="ACP"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ACP</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan asam lemak karnitina. Amida
lemak meliputi senyawa </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-asiletanolamina&action=edit&redlink=1" title="N-asiletanolamina (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">N-asiletanolamina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti penghantar saraf </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanabinoid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Kanabinoid (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kanabinoid</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anandamida&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Anandamida (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">anandamida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_alkanoat" title="Asam alkanoat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">asam alkanoat</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan rumus bangun
hidrokarbon yang panjang. Rantai hidrokarbon tersebut dapat mencapat 10 hingga
30 atom. Rantai </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkana" title="Alkana"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkana</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang non polar mempunyai peran
yang sangat penting demi mengimbangi kebasaan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" title="Gugus fungsional"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gugus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksil" title="Hidroksil"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidroksil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada senyawa asam dengan sedikit
atom karbon, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" title="Gugus fungsional"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gugus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> asam akan mendominasi
sifat </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">molekul</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan memberikan sifat polar
kimiawi. Walaupun demikian pada asam lemak, rantai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkana" title="Alkana"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkanalah</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang mendominasi sifat molekul</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak terbagi menjadi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak jenuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam lemak tak jenuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garam dari asam lemak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prostaglandin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliserida" title="Gliserida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gliserolipid</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tersusun atas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliserol" title="Gliserol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gliserol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bersubstitusi mono-, di-, dan
tri</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yang
paling terkenal adalah ester asam lemak dari gliserol (triasilgliserol), yang
juga dikenal sebagai</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigliserida" title="Trigliserida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">trigliserida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Di dalam persenyawaan ini, tiga
gugus hidroksil gliserol masing-masing teresterifikasi, biasanya oleh asam
lemak yang berbeda. Karena ia berfungsi sebagai cadangan makanan, lipid ini
terdapat dalam sebagian besar lemak cadangan di dalam jaringan hewan.
Hidrolisis ikatan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester" title="Ester"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ester</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dari triasilgliserol dan
pelepasan gliserol dan asam lemak dari</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaringan_adiposa&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jaringan adiposa (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jaringan
adiposa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> disebut
"mobilisasi lemak".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Subkelas gliserolipid lainnya adalah
glikosilgliserol, yang dikarakterisasi dengan keberadaan satu atau lebih
residu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monosakarida" title="Monosakarida"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">monosakarida</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang melekat pada gliserol
via </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikatan_glikosidik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ikatan glikosidik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikatan
glikosidik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Contoh struktur di dalam kategori ini adalah
digalaktosildiasilgliserol yang dijumpai di dalam membran tumbuh dan
seminolipid dari </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel_sperma" title="Sel sperma"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sel sperma</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mamalia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 4.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALAT
DAN BAHAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
kelarutan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b.
Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Minyak kelapa kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan tabung reaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Minyak bimoli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol
semprot</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. Margarin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spatula<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>4. Eter</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6. Benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7. Alkali (NaOH 2 M)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8. Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>9. HCl 2 M </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
asam basa </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.
Alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1. Minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Plat
tetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2. Minyak tengik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas
indi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ator </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Universal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Minyak
tengik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Plat tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji ketidak jenuhan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Alat :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Bahan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Larutan k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">loroform </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tabung
reaksi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">buah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Minyak tengik
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rak tabung reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Minyak kelapa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kertas saring<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Minyak bimoli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spatula</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5. Laruta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> iod</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6. Margarin </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Uji pemisahan asam
lemak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a. Alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>b. Bahan :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rak dan tabung
reaksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Minyak kelapa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet tetes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Margarine </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Aquades </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. Larutan HCl
pekat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pena</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gas listrik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. Larutan KOH</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Batang pengaduk<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Etanol</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 95%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spatula<span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>7. Larutan benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas saring</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8. Larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 0,1
N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca ohaus</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Corong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tissue </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROSEDUR KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun
prosedur kerja yang dilakukan pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kelarutan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukan
2 mL pereaksi atau pelarut kedalam masing-masing tabung reaksi yang bersih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membubuhkan
sedikit bahan percobaan ke dalam tabung yang sudah berisi bahan pelarut
tersebut,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengocok
isi tabung kuat-kuat,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengamati perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
Asam Basa</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membasahi
kertas indicator (lakmus atau kertas pH) dengan air suling,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukan
kertas indicator yang sudah basah ke dalam bahan percobaan dalam plat tetes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
perubahan kertas indicator setelah beberapa menit stabil dan d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">goyang-goyang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
Ketidak Jenuhan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukan
kira-kira 1 mL bahan percobaan dalam tabung reaksi bersih,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan
kloroform sama banyak ke dalam dua tabung reaksi tersebut dan mengocok sampai
semua bahan melarut,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membubuhkan
tetes demi tetes larutan iod sambil mengocok,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat
perubahan/perbedaan yang terjadi antara bahan yang satu dengan yang lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">emisahan Asam
Lemak</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">12,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> gram bahan percobaan
(minyak kelapa dan margarine) kedalam gelas piala 500 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">l,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahakan
larutan KOH sebanyak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">37,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
mL ke dalam gelas kimia tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendidihkan
selama 10 – 15 menit atau sampai terjadi penyabunan sempurna yaitu tidak ada
lagi lemak/minyak yang terapung di atas permukaan cairan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
sabun panas dibubuhi HCl pekat sampai larutan menjadi asam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, kemudian dinginkan sejenak. Kemudian menguji larutan
dengan cara meneteskannya ke dalam aquades (Hidrolisis telah terjadi jika
tetesan larutan tersebut larut sempurna dalam air).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam
lemak bebas yang terbentuk akan naik keatas permukaan sebagai lemak yang
terapung, kemudian mendinginkan larutan tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memisahkan asam lemak yang terapung pada larutan,
kemudian filtrat atau larutannya dibagi ke dalam 2 buah tabung reaksi, kemudian
menambahkan larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 0,1N pada tabung pertama, dan
menambahkan larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 0,1N dan reagen benedict pada tabung
kedua.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memanaskan kedua tabung tersebut dengan cara
memasukkannya ke dalam air mendidih.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk residunya (asam lemak yang diperoleh), terlebih
dulu dihaluskan kemudian menambahkan dengan etanol 95% kemudian memanaskannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menyaring larutan yang terbentuk kemudian mendinginkan
filtratnya hingga terbentuk endapan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo44; mso-text-indent-alt: -7.1pt; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -49.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menimbang massa endapan yang diperoleh tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun hasil
pengamatan yang diperoleh pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji Kelarutan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 512px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 194.4pt;" valign="top" width="259">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.85pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.85pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 194.4pt;" valign="top" width="259">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pelarut HCl</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HCl 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kampung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+ HCl 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli + HCl 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pelarut NaOH</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Margarin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">NaOH 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kampung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">+ NaOH 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 11.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli + NaOH 2M + dikocok</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pelarut benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kampung + benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli + benzena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pelarut air</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 75.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin +
aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 75.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kampung + aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 75.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
+ aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk pelarut kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 216.0pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level5 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 11.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -216.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin +
CHCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 216.0pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 216.0pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level5 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 11.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -216.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kampung + CHCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 216.0pt; margin-right: -32.4pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level5 lfo5; tab-stops: -58.5pt list 11.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -216.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
+ CHCl<sub>3</sub></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 162.85pt;" valign="top" width="217">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin
terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kampung sedikit melarut dan terbentuk 2 lapisan, lapisan bawah HCl dan
lapisan atas minyak kampung. Warna berubah dari kuning bening menjadi kuning
keruh. Lebih banyak melarut dibanding minyak bimoli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
sedikit melarut dan terbentuk 2 lapisan, lapisan bawah HCl dan lapisan atas
minyak bimoli. Warna berubah dari kuning bening menjadi kuning keruh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Margarin
terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
kampung sedikit melarut dan terbentuk 2 lapisan, lapisan bawah NaOH dan
lapisan atas minyak kampung. Warna berubah dari kuning bening menjadi kuning
keruh. Lebih banyak melarut dibanding minyak bimoli.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
sedikit melarut dan terbentuk 2 lapisan, lapisan bawah NaOH dan lapisan atas
minyak bimoli. Warna berubah dari kuning bening menjadi kuning keruh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatu dan
berwarna kuning</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatu dan
berwarna keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatu dan
berwarna kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
memisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
memisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
memisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak dan
larutan berwarna kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak dan
larutan keruh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyatu dan
bening</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi Asam Basa</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 512px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 243.0pt;" valign="top" width="324">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 243.0pt;" valign="top" width="324">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator ke dalam gelas kimia yang berisi aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator tersebut ke dalam minyak kampung, kemudian mengukur pH-nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak tengik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator ke dalam gelas kimia yang berisi aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo34; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator tersebut ke dalam minyak kampung, kemudian mengukur pH-nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator ke dalam gelas kimia yang berisi aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memasukkan
kertas indikator tersebut ke dalam minyak kampung, kemudian mengukur pH-nya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 114.1pt;" valign="top" width="152">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH netral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH = 8</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH netral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH = 5</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH netral</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 9.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -9.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH = 8</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">U</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ji Ketidak
Jenuhan</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 512px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 215.35pt;" valign="top" width="287">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 215.35pt;" valign="top" width="287">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa 1 mL + kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa 1 mL + </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kloroform + 5
tetes </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iod</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
+ kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak bimoli
+ kloroform + 5 tetes </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">iod</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">in</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa tengik</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa
tengik + kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo38; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak kelapa
tengik + kloroform + 5 tetes iodin</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, berwarna
kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
berwarna ungu dan keruh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larut,
berwarna kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan berwarna
merah dan lama-kelamaan kembali kuning.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larut,
berwarna bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
berwarna merah dan lama-kelamaan kembali kuning.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemisahan
Asam Lemak</span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 32.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 512px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 27.0pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 229.5pt;" valign="top" width="306">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk minyak kelapa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menimbang
12,5 gram minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,5 gram
minyak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
+ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mL </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOH 10% + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 tetes
larutan sabun + aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan sabun
+ HCl pekat + dinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -2.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Campuran
dipisahkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N + benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipanaskan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat +
benedict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipanaskan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Residu
dihaluskan + alkohol + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat
didinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan
ditimbang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk margarin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menimbang
12,5 gram margarin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12,5 gram
margarin + KOH 10% + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1 tetes
larutan sabun + aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan sabun
+ HCl pekat + didinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Campuran
dipanaskan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat + Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
0,1 N + benendict</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipanaskan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Residu
dihaluskan + alkohol + dipanaskan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat
didinginkan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Endapan
ditimbang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 127.6pt;" valign="top" width="170">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: -58.5pt 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbentuk
cair</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk 2
lapisan, lapisan atas asam lemak, lapisan bawah larutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk 2
lapisan, lapisan atas asam lemak, lapisan bawah air dan gliserol. Asam lemak
menjadi padat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Residu dan
filtrat terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berwarna biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap
berwarna biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berwarna biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap
berwarna biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat dan
residu terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk
endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk
endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbentuk
padat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk 2
lapisan, lapisan atas asam lemak dan lapisan bawah gliserol dan air.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melarut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk 2
lapisan, lapisan atas asam lemak dan lapisan bawah gliserol. Asam lemak
menjadi padat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat dan
residu terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
bening</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berwarna biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap biru</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjadi larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Filtrat dan
residu terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbentuk
endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: -58.5pt 8.75pt; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Massa = 14,25
gram</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo44; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERSAMAAN
REAKSI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
Kelarutan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak/lemak
+ Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter">
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0">
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1">
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1">
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth">
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0">
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight">
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0">
</v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:f></v:formulas>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect" o:extrusionok="f">
<o:lock aspectratio="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:stroke></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" style="height: 76.65pt; margin-left: 72.75pt; margin-top: 4.65pt; position: absolute; width: 191.25pt; z-index: -11;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><xml>
<o:oleobject drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1437031981" progid="ChemDraw.Document.5.0" shapeid="_x0000_s1026" type="Embed">
</o:oleobject>
</xml></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 288.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t32" o:oned="t" o:spt="32" path="m,l21600,21600e">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none">
<o:lock shapetype="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:path></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 269.85pt; margin-top: 5.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 30pt; z-index: 8;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Non polar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>polar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak/lemak
+ kloroform</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 90.7pt; left: 0; margin-left: 85.5pt; margin-top: 3.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 167.1pt; z-index: -10;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><xml>
<o:oleobject drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1437031982" progid="ChemDraw.Document.5.0" shapeid="_x0000_s1027" type="Embed">
</o:oleobject>
</xml></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 288.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 260.1pt; margin-top: 7.5pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 30pt; z-index: 9;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 154.5pt 171.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 154.5pt 171.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak/lemak
+ benzen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 90.85pt; left: 0; margin-left: 90.75pt; margin-top: 5.1pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 161.85pt; z-index: 3;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><xml>
<o:oleobject drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1437031983" progid="ChemDraw.Document.5.0" shapeid="_x0000_s1028" type="Embed">
</o:oleobject>
</xml><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 288.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 258.6pt; margin-top: 6.35pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 30pt; z-index: 10;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak/lemak
+ HCl encer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1029" style="height: 85.55pt; margin-left: 91.5pt; margin-top: 6.25pt; position: absolute; width: 143.1pt; z-index: -8;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.wmz">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><xml>
<o:oleobject drawaspect="Content" objectid="_1437031984" progid="ChemDraw.Document.5.0" shapeid="_x0000_s1029" type="Embed">
</o:oleobject>
</xml></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 252.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;">
<v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" o:connectortype="straight" style="height: 0; left: 0; margin-left: 240.6pt; margin-top: 5.9pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; width: 30pt; z-index: 11;" type="#_x0000_t32">
<v:stroke endarrow="block">
</v:stroke></v:shape><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak larut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak/lemak
+ Alkali</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (NaOH)</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
ketidak jenuhan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Minyak
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Margarin </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemisahan
asam lemak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" style="height: 114.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 350.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" o:ole="" style="height: 97.5pt; width: 364.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lipid
adalah senyawa organik yang diperoleh dari proses dehidrogenasi endotermal
rangkaian hidrokarbon. Lipid bersifat amfifilik, artinya lipid mampu membentuk
struktur seperti vesikel, liposom, atau membran lain dalam lingkungan basah.
Lipid biologis seluruhnya atau sebagiannya berasal dari dua jenis subsatuan
atau "blok bangunan" biokimia: gugus ketoasil dan gugus isoprena</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dengan menggunakan
pendekatan ini, lipid dapat dibagi ke dalam delapan kategori: asil lemak,
gliserolipid, gliserofosfolipid, sfingolipid, sakarolipid, dan poliketida
(diturunkan dari kondensasi subsatuan ketoasil); serta lipid sterol dan lipid
prenol (diturunkan dari kondensasi subsatuan isoprena)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Percobaan
ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk menentukan kelarutan dari suatu lemak dengan
minyak dalam berbagai jenis pelarut, menentukan tingkat kejenuhan dari suatu
lemak dan minyak, mengetahui reaksi asam basa pada lemak dan minyak dan
memisahkan gliserol dan asam lemak pada minyak dan lemak. Pada percobaan ini
bahan yang digunakan yaitu minyak kelapa kampung, minyak bimoli, minyak tengik
dan margarin. Adapun asam lemak penyusun bahan-bahan tersebut yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Minyak kelapa :
asam palmitat, asam stearat, asam oleat dan asam linoleat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Minyak bimoli :
asam stearat, asam palmitat, asam stearat, dan asam oleat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Minyak tengik :
pada dasarnya minyak tengik sama dengan minyak kelapa, namun minyak tengik
telah mengalami oksidasi yang menyebabkan ikatan rangkapnya diputus menjadi
ikatan tunggal oleh oksigen di udara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Margarin : Lemak,
leckifin, garam, TBHQ, vitamin A, B-karoten, natrium benzoat dan skim milk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">K</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">elarutan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada uji kela</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">r</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">utan di gunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> macam bahan yang akan
diuj</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu minyak kelapa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kampung, minyak bimoli </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
margari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Adapun prinsip dasar dari pengujian ini yaitu derajat
kelarutan lemak atau minyak dapat dilihat atau ditentukan dengan pengamatan
secara langsung tergantung pada bahan pelarut yang dipakai. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Lipid</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mengacu pada golongan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senyawa" title="Senyawa"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">senyawa</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrokarbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alifatik" title="Alifatik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alifatik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonpolar&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Nonpolar (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">nonpolar</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrofobik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hidrofobik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hidrofobik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Karena nonpolar, lipid tidak larut dalam pelarut polar seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
tetapi larut dalam pelarut nonpolar, seperti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkohol" title="Alkohol"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">alkohol</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eter" title="Eter"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">eter</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloroform" title="Kloroform"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kloroform</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Pada
perlakuan ini digunakan beberapa pelarut, yaitu kloroform, benzena, aquades,
HCl, dan NaOH. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pengujian dengan larutan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kloroform dan benzena hasil yang diperoleh yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">minyak kelapa</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
kampung dan minyak bimoli </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat larut dan la</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">rutan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> bening sedangkan untuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">margarin juga larut </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berwarna kuning </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tetapi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pada margarine </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">proses </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">larutnya berlangsung
lambat. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini disebabkan karena kloroform dan benzena merupakan
pelarut organik yang bersifat non polar sehingga minyak kelapa dan
margarin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan golongan lipid
dapat larut di dalam ketiga jenis pelarut tersebut yang juga bersifat non
polar. Pada pelarut kloroform dan benzena, jika ditinjau dari ikatannya,
memiliki bentuk simetri yang menyebabkan jarak pasangan elektronnya akan sama,
sehingga arah momen dipolnya saling berlawanan sehingga nilainya saling
meniadakan. Dengan tidak adanya momen dipol pada senyawa tersebut, menyebabkan
senyawanya bersifat nonpolar (Anonim A, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sedangkan untuk pengujian dengan
menggunakan asam yang diencer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">an
(HCl)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, larutan basa (NaOH) da air, hasil yang diperoleh yaitu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">minyak
kelapa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan margarin sama-sama </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak
larut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Hal ini disebabkan karena <span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">antara pelarut dan zat yang akan dilarutkan
memiliki perbedaan kepolaran. Dimana ketiga pelarut tersebut merupakan pelarut
yang bersifat polar, sedangkan zat atau sampel yang akan dilarutkan bersifat
nonpolar</span></span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sifat polar dari ketiga jenis pelarut tersebut dapat ditentukan dari
ikatan dan momen dipolnya, dimana dari ketiga pelarut tersebut memiliki momen
dipol ke arah atom yang lebih elektronegatif yang menyebabkan ketiga pelarut
tersebut bersifat polar. </span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain itu, </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ntuk pengujian dengan
air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> diperoleh hasil </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">minyak
kelapa dan margarine tidak larut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
yang juga<span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan
kepolaran</span>. </span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">bergantung pada kepolaran pelarut,
kelarutan lipid juga bergantung pada panjang</span> <span class="nw">rantai
hidrokarbon yang</span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;">dikandungnya. Semakin panjang rantai, kelarutannya akan</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="nw">semakin berkurang (Lehninger</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span></span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;">1982).</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Reaksi asam basa</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk reaksi asam basa</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengujian dilakukan pada
minyak kelapa</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, minyak bimoli</span><span lang="EN-US"> dan minyak tengik</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dengan
menggunakan</span> <span lang="EN-US">kertas indi</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">kator universal. Adapun prinsip dasar dari pengujian ini yaitu lemak atau
minyak bila dibiarkan lama akan mengalami perubahan. Pada percobaan ini kertas
indikator universal berfungsi untuk menentukan pH dari masing-masing sampel. Hasil
yang diperoleh pada perlakuan ini yaitu </span><span lang="EN-US">minyak kelapa</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan minyak bimoli </span><span lang="EN-US">memiliki
pH</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = 8 </span><span lang="EN-US">sedangkan
pada minyak tengik memiliki pH</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> = </span><span lang="EN-US">5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan hasil yang tersebut, masih berbeda
dengan literatur, dimana seharusnya minyak kelapa memiliki pH asam karena
merupakan senyawa asam lemak, sedangkan minyak bimoli seharusnya memiliki pH
netral. Adanya perbedaan ini disebabkan kurangnya ketelitian pada saat
praktikum, misalnya kesalahan dalam mengamati perubahan warna pada kertas
indikator. </span><span lang="EN-US">Dari hasil </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">tersebut </span><span lang="EN-US">diketahui bahwa minyak tengik lebih </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">ber</span><span lang="EN-US">sifat asam dibandingkan
dengan minyak kelapa. Hal ini disebabkan karena</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adanya bakteri pengurai pada minyak yang menyebabkan minyak tengik
bersifat asam. K</span><span lang="EN-US">etengikan pada kebanyakan lemak atau
minyak menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakan golongan trigliserida tersebut telah
teroksidasi oleh oksigen dalam udara bebas. <span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">Molekul oksigen dapat bereaksi dengan asam</span></span><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> <span class="nw">lemak berikatan ganda dan
menghasilkan produk kompleks yang menyebabkan</span> <span class="nw">timbulnya
rasa dan bau meyimpang pada lemak</span></span></span><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Molekul oksigen dalam udara dapat bereaksi dengan asam lemak,
sehingga memutuskan ikatan gandanya menjadi ikatan tunggal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Hal-hal yang
mempengaruhi ketengikan ini adalah proses penyimpanan bahan uji yang cukup lama
dan kurang tertutup, sehingga berinteraksi dengan udara bebas yang
menyebabkannya menjadi tengik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span class="nw"><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .5pt;">(Lehninger</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="letter-spacing: .5pt;"> 1982)</span></span><span class="nw"><span style="letter-spacing: .5pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Adapun fase-fase ketengikan
minyak yaitu : minyak kelapa → peroksida → </span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Uji Ketidak Jenuhan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sam
lemak dibedakan menjadi <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">asam lemak
jenuh</span> dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">asam lemak tak jenuh</span>.
Asam lemak jenuh hanya memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_tunggal" title="Ikatan tunggal"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikatan tunggal</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
di antara </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">atom-atom</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karbon</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
penyusunnya, sementara asam lemak tak jenuh memiliki paling sedikit satu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikatan_ganda" title="Ikatan ganda"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">ikatan ganda</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> di antara atom-atom
karbon penyusunnya. Jenuh dan tidak jenuhnya suatu asam lemak juga dapat
dilihat dari bentuk fisiknya. Suatu asam lemak jika berwujud cair pada suhu
kamar (disebut minyak) merupakan asam lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
tak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> jenuh. Sedangkan apabila wujudnya padat pada suhu
kamar (disebut lemak) merupakan asam lemak jenuh. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prinsip dasar dari pengujian ini yaitu asam lemak tak
jenuh mempunyai ikatan rangkap yang dapat diadisi oleh unsur lain seperti
halogen. Adapun uji positif dari pengujian ini yaitu kecepatan hilangnya warna
merah pada larutan sampel, jika warna tersebut cepat hilang, maka sampel
tersebut merupakan asam lemak tak jenuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada uji ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak jenuhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> digunakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">empat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> macam bahan yang akan
diuj</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">i </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu minyak kelap</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a, minyak bimoli, minyak tengik </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dan
margari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Uji ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jenuhan dinyatakan
positif apabila antara iod dengan samp</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">el</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dapat bereaksi, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">karena pada
dasarnya reaksi adisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> hanya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dapat terjadi apabila ada ikatan rangkap.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hal ini terjadi
karena pada ikatan rangkap gugus karbonil (C=O) pada minyak, reaksi yang
terjadi melibatkan protonansi awal dari oksigen. Protonansi ini menambah muatan
positif pada karbon karbonil sehingga lebih mudah diserang oleh nukleofil
seperti halogen dalam ikatan phy. Pada uji ini, perlakuan pertama yang
dilakukan yaitu memasukkan masing-masing sampel ke dalam tabung reaksi
kemuudian menambahkan kloroform dan larutan iod ke dalam masing-masing tabung
tersebut. Pada perlakuan ini, kloroform berfungsi sebagai pelarut organik yang
dapat melarutkan minyak dan lemak, sedangkan larutan iodin berfungsi sebagai
pengadisi atau </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengoksidasi asam lemak yang
mempunyai ikatan rangkap pada molekulnya menjadi berikatan tunggal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Poedjiadi, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ketika minyak kelapa dan minyak
bimoli ditambahkan kloroform hasil yang diperoleh yaitu larut dan berwarna kuning.
Kemudian menambahkan lagi dengan larutan iodin dan hasil yang diperoleh yaitu larutan
berubah warna menjadi ungu keruh. Sedangkan pada minyak tengik dan margarin
ketika ditambahkan kloroform hasil yang diperoleh yaitu larut dan berwarna
kuning. Kemudian, ketika ditambahkan dengan larutan iodin, hasil yang diperoleh
yaitu larutan berwarna merah. Berdasarkan hasil dari keempat bahan tersebut,
dapat diurutkan intensitas warna yang terbentuk pada masing-masing sampel
ketika direaksikan dengan kloroform dan larutan iodin yaitu merah, merah, ungu
dan ungu, secara berurutan untuk sampel minyak bimoli, minyak kelapa tengik,
minyak kelapa kampung dan margarin. Berdasarkan data tersebut dapat diketahui
bahwa tingkat ketidakjenuhan dari setiap sampel secara berurutan yaitu minyak bimoli,
minyak tengik, minyak kelapa kampung dan margarin. Namun berdasarkan literatur,
tingkat ketidakjenuhan sampai yang jenuh secara berurutan yaitu minyak kelapa
kampung, minyak bimoli, minyak tengik kemudian margarin. Minyak bimoli dan
minyak kelapa kampung merupakan asam lemak yang tak jenuh sehingga dapat
bereaksi dengan larutan iodin. H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al ini disebabkan karena asam lemak tak jenuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> seperti minyak
kelapa kampung dan minyak bimoli</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> mengandung ikatan rangkap yang dapat diadisi oleh senyawa –
senyawa halogen seperti iod.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sedangkan minyak tengik dan margarin merupakan asam
lemak jenuh. Minyak tengik merupakan asam lemak jenuh karena telah mengalami
oksidasi oleh </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">olekul
oksigen dalam udara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yang </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat
bereaksi dengan asam lemak, sehingga memutuskan ikatan gandanya menjadi ikatan
tunggal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Sedangkan margarin merupakan asam lemak jenuh karena
senyawanya stabil, dan berbentuk padat pada suhu kamar.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemisahan
Asam Lemak </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk pemisahan asam lemak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">bahan yang digunakan yaitu minyak kelapa dan margarin. Adapun
prinsip dasar dari perlakuan ini yaitu asam lemak yang terdapat dalam lemak
atau minyak dapat dipisahkan dan dimurnikan. Untuk kedua bahan yang digunakan, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">diberikan
perlakuan yang sama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">untuk melakukan
pemisahan asam lemak. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ada tahap awal,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menimbang 12,5 gram </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampel </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(minyak kelapa dan margarin) kemudian ditambahkan dengan
37,5 ml KOH 10%. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Penambahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">l</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">arutan
KOH ini bertujuan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">agar terjadinya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">proses p</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">enyabun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">an
kepada</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> kedua sampel
tersebut, dengan bantuan proses </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pemanasan.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
penyabunan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini bertujuan untuk pengambilan
asam-asam lemak dari minyak sehingga dihasilkan campuran sabun dan gliserol
yang mudah larut dalam air dan alkohol.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemanasan </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dihentikan
ketika </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">minyak kelapa dan margarin telah larut dan larutan
berbusa. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada perlakuan ini lipid mengalami
hidrolisis karena lipid (trigliserida) akan terhidrolisis jika</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> didihkan dengan asam
atau basa. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Untuk menguji apakah hidrolisis
telah terjadi secara sempurna, maka dilakukan pengujian dengan cara meneteskan
larutan tersebut ke dalam air, jika tetesan tersebut larut, menandakan
hidrolisis telah terjadi secara sempurna. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hidrolisis
lipid tersebut (minyak kelapa dan margarin) oleh KOH (basa kuat) menghasilkan
campuran sabun K<sup>+</sup> dan gliserol. Proses ini disebut juga dengan
proses penyabunan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Anonim, 2010). </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Setelah itu, c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">ampuran</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> ditambahkan dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10 mL </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">larutan HCl
pekat. Tujuan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> penambahan HCl pekat</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">untuk
mengasamkan larutan, sehingga campuran </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">tersebut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
naik ke</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> atas permukaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> larutan</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">
sebagai lemak yang terapung.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dimana pada reaksi ini, H<sup>+</sup> dari HCl akan
berikatan dengan molekul sabun yang terbentuk menghasilkan asam lemak yang
terapung, sedangkan Cl<sup>-</sup> dari HCl akan berikatan dengan kalium dari
molekul sabun tersebut membentuk KCl (Fessenden, 1990).</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Dengan proses
pendingina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">n menggunakan es batu</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">, asam lemak ini akan mengental.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Setelah itu asam lemak yang mengapung dipisahkan dari
larutannya, kemudian filtratnya dibagi ke dalam 2 buah tabung reaksi. Pada
tabung pertama <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditambahkan dengan
larutan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> dan reagen benedict, sedangkan pada tabung
kedua ditambahkan dengan reagen benedict. Pada perlakuan ini penambahan Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>
bertujuan untuk menetralkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kelebihan asam pada larutan tersebut. Sedangkan
penambahan reagen benendict bertujuan untuk menguji sifat gliserol yang
terbentuk. Perlakuan selanjutnya yaitu memanaskan kedua tabung reaksi tersebut
yang bertujuan untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi. Pada perlakuan ini
diperoleh larutan yang berwarna biru maupun setelah dipanaskan. Di samping itu,
residu yang diperoleh kemudian diekstraksi dengan menggunakan alkohol (etanol
95%) sambil dipanaskan. Tujuan dilakukan pemanasan yaitu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar zat-zat pengotor yang masih terdapat
pada campuran dapat menguap. Pada perlakuan ini residu tersebut melarut.
Perlakuan selanjutnya yaitu menyaring larutan tersebut yang bertujuan untuk
memisahkan filtrat dan residunya. Selanjutnya yaitu mendinginkan filtrat yang
diperoleh dalam bongkahan es batu hingga terbentuk padatan, kemudian padatan
tersebut ditimbang. </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Untuk
sampel Margarin, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">padatan (</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">asam lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> yang diperoleh berwarna kuning. Sementara asam lemak
yang dihasilkan pada sampel minyak kelapa berwarna putih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Dan hasil endapan yang paling banyak diperoleh yaitu
endapan pada minyak kelapa. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sesuai den</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> literatur karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>minyak kelapa memiliki ikatan rangkap (tidak
jenuh) sedangkan margarin tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap (jenuh)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ehingga endapan
terbanyak dimiliki oleh minyak kelapa. </span></div>
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<strong><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US">KESIMPULAN</span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adapun
kesimp</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">u</span></strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lan yang diperoleh pada
percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></strong></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Lipi</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">d</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> adalah suatu
kelompok senyawa kimia yang memiliki sifat tidak larut dalam air</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">, NaOH, dan HCl</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">, tetapi larut dalam pelarut lemak seperti
eter, kloroform, alkohol panas, dan benzena. </span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Minyak
kelapa segar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan minyak bimoli</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> diuji dengan menggunakan kertas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">lakmus dan hasil yang diperoleh</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> memiliki pH </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">8,
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">sementara minyak kelapa tengik memiliki pH </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> (asam).</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Molekul oksigen dalam
udara dapat bereaksi dengan asam lemak, sehingga memutuskan ikatan gandanya
menjadi ikatan tunggal. Hal ini menyebabkan minyak mengalami ketengikan.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uji ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">tidak</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">jenuhan dinyatakan
positif apabila antara iod dengan sample menyatu. Jika hasilnya selain daripada
itu maka, sampel yang diuji merupakan lemak jenuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Dari sampel yang digunakan, minyak kelapa dan minyak
bimoli merupakan asam lemak tak jenuh, sedangkan minyak tengik, dan margarin
termasuk lemak jenuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Asam
lemak yang terdapat dalam minyak ataupun lemak dapat dipisahkan atau dimurnikan
dengan cara proses saponifikasi/penyabunan, yang kemudian larutannya dibuat
dalam kondisi asam yaitu dengan penambahan HCl pekat. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Anonim</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">A</span><span lang="EN-US">.2010.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lipida.</i></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid</span></a></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">). </span><span lang="EN-US">Diakses</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">:</span><span lang="EN-US"> 1</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">0 Desember </span><span lang="EN-US">201</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Anonim </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">B</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. 20</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">09</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lipida</i>. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.rismaka.net/2009/06/uji-lipid.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.rismaka.net/2009/06/uji-lipid.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Diakses 1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
Desember 201</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt;">Lehninger1982.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">LaporanLipid</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/38354246/Laporan-Lipid"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .5pt; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/38354246/Laporan-Lipid</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">). Diakses 10 Desember 2012.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim
Pengajar Bioimia. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun
Praktikum Biokimia. Jurusan</i> P-MIPA. FKIP. Universitas Tadulako. Palu.</span></div>
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<br />Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-180447750743913512013-08-02T20:33:00.000-07:002013-08-02T21:07:51.283-07:00ASAM AMINO DAN PROTEIN
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BIOKIMIA DASAR </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERCOBAAN </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROTEIN DAN ASAM AMINO</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusun
Oleh:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nama<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Putrawan Bahriul</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No. stambuk<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: A 251 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">10
006</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
IV</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asisten<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Naima Tuljannah</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM
STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS
KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS
TADULAKO</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2010</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PERCOBAAN
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“PROTEIN
DAN ASAM AMINO”</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">I.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TUJUAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk mengidentifikasi asam amino yang
terdapat dalam suatu protein dan mengamati sifat-sifat protein dan asam amino.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">II.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>DASAR TEORI</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kata protein berasal dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">protos</i> atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proteos</i> yang berarti pertama atau utama. Protein merupakan komponen
penting atau komponen utama sel hewan atau manusia. Oleh karena sel itu
merupakan pembentuk tubuh kita, maka protein yang terdapat dalam makanan
berfungsi sebagai zat utama dalam pembentukan dan pertumbuhan tubuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein merupakan makromolekul terbanyak
yang dapat ditemui dalam sel hidup. Protein dapat diisolasi dari seluruh sel
dan bagian sel. Di samping itu protein mempunyai peranan biologi yang sangat
beragam, sebagai zat pembentuk, transport, katalisator reaksi biokimia, hormon,
racun, dan masih banyak yang lainnya. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Protein adalah sumber asam-asam amino yang mengandung unsur-unsur C, H,
O, dan N yang tidak dimiliki oleh lemak atau karbohidrat.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua asam amino pembentuk molekul
protein mempunyai struktur yang serupa yaitu mempunyai gugus karboksilat dan
gugus amino yang terikat pada satu atom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>karbon yang sama. Perbedaan struktur asam amino banyak ditemukan oleh
gugus rantai samping atau biasa dinamakan gugus R. gugus R ini bervariasi baik
struktur, ukuran, muatan listrik maupun kelarutannya dalam air. </span></div>
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</xml><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun struktur umum dari asam amino ini
adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam molekul protein, tiap asam
amino dihubungkan satu sama lain oleh ikatan peptida, yaitu ikatan yang
terbentuk antara gugus amin asam amino satu dengan gugus karboksil unit asam
amino yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu peptida ialah suatu amida yang
dibentuk dari 2 asam amino atau lebih. Ikatan amida antara suatu gugus α-amino
dari suatu asam amino dan gugus karboksil dari asam amino lain disebut ikatan
peptida. Tiap asam amino dalam suatu molekul peptida disebut suatu satuan
(unit) atau suatu residu. Bergantung pada banyaknya satuan asam amino dalam
molekul itu, maka suatu peptida dirujuk sebagai dipeptida (dua satuan), suatu
tripeptida (tiga satuan), dan seterusnya. Suatu polipeptida ialah suatu peptida
dengan banyak sekali residu asam amino. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara kasar protein dapat dikategorikan
menurut tipe tugas yang dilaksanakan. Protein serat (fibrous protein; juga
disebut protein struktur) yang membentuk kulit, oto, dinding pembuluh darah,
dan rambut, terdiri dari molekul panjang mirip<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>benang yang liat dan tidak larut.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe fungsional ialah kelas protein
globular, yang bentuknya agak bulat karena rantai-rantai melipat bertumpukan.
Protein globular larut dalam air<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
melakukan berbagai fungsi suatu organisme.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lalu protein konjugasi yang dihubungkan ke suatu bagian nonprotein
seperti misalnya gula, melakukan berbagai fungsi dalam seluruh tubuh.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berkat ketekunan yang dirintis oleh
Pauling dan Corey, kini para ahli Biokimia sepakat bahwa dalam organisasi
molekul protein terdapat 4 struktur dasar. Keempat struktur dasar protein itu
ialah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
Primer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam struktur ini tidak terdapat ikatan atau kekuatan lain yang menghubungkan
asam amino satu dengan yang lainnya. Dalam hal ini, struktur protein yang
terbentuk berupa rantai polipeptida lurus.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
Sekunder</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam struktur protein ini rantai asam amino tidak hanya dihubungkan oleh
ikatan peptida tetapi juga diperkuat oleh ikatan hidrogen. Adanya ikatan
tambahan ini menyebabkan rantai asam amino membentuk gelung alfa-heliks. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
Tersier</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
tersier merupakan struktur protein ysng lebih rumit karena merupakan bentuk
gelung alfa heliks yang cenderung melipat menjadi struktur yang kompak.
Kekompakan struktur ini disebabkan karena banyaknya jenis ikatan atau kekuatan
yang menunjang ikatan peptide di dalam molekul protein. Jenis – jenis ikatan
tersebut biasanya merupakan kekhasan gugus R pada tiap – tiap unit asam amino,
misalnya ikatan hydrogen, ikatan disulfide, jembatan garam, interaksi
hidrofilik (polar), interaksi hidrofobik (non polar) dan gaya van der walls.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
kuartener</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur
ini terbentuk dari dua unit atau lebih struktur tersier di dalam satu molekul
protein. Sebagai contoh antara hemoglobin, mioglobin, virus polio dan virus
mosaic tembakau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
kenyataannya, suatu rantai polipeptida tidaklah merupakan rantai lurus memanjang,
namun ditemui dalam bentuk gelung (spiral) atau dalam bentuk berbelit dan
kompleks. Dalam hal ini sesungguhnya struktur primer hanya menerangkan jumlah
serta urutan asam amino penyusunnya. Adapun keseluruhan bentuk protein yang
dihasilkan oleh struktur sekunder dan struktur tersier dinamakan konformasi
protein. Tidak semua protein memiliki struktur hingga struktrur kuartener.
Umumnya protein yang berbentuk serabut berstruktur sekunder. Protein serabut
terdiri dari jajaran polipeptida yang diperkuat oleh ikatan hydrogen atau
ikatan disulfide sebagai contoh ialah keratin yang memiliki konformasi alfa
heliks memutar ke kanan. Sedangkan protein globular umumnya memiliki struktur
tersier sampai struktur kuartener (Teori dan Penuntun Praktikum BIOKIMIA, 201</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">III.
ALAT DAN BAHAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Sifat Mengion Asam Amino</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas kimia</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca Digital</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">patula</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH meter</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang pengaduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tissue</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk
glisin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk
sistin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
NaOH 10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>2N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik Isoelektrik Dan
Kelarutan Kasein</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rak
tabung dan tabung reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stop
watch</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,01 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
kasein-Na-asetat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level2 lfo9; tab-stops: -36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaraman Protein <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(Salting-Out)</i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas
kimia </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">100 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gelas ukur 10 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Spatula </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kertas saring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca
digital</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang
pengaduk </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albumin
telur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ayam ras</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Albumin telur ayam kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Padatan ammonim sulfat</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level3 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biuret</span></div>
</div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; mso-column-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">IV.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PROSEDUR KERJA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Mengion Asam Amino</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbang
dengan teliti 0,4 gr asam amino (glysin dan sistein) kemudian melarutkannya
dengan 20 mL aquades di dalam sebuah gelas kimia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menuangkan
20 mL aquades ke dalam gelas kimia lainnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(sebagai penetral pH meter).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan
larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 2 N kedalam larutan glysin dan sistein
kemudian menentukan pH-nya dengan pH meter yang diukur dengan aturan sebagai
berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur
pH tiap penambahan 1 tetes untuk 10 tetes pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur
pH tiap penambahan 2 tetes untuk 5 tetes selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -78.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur
pH tiap penambahan 4 tetes sampai tercapai pH 1,2.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(setiap 1x pengukuran pH, lalu mengkalibrasi pH-meter
dengan aquades).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengulangi
poin 1-3 pada percobaan di atas dengan menggunakan larutan NaOH 10 % , tetapi
penambahan larutan NaOH dihentikan pada saat pH mencapai 12.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik
isoelektrik dan kelarutan Casein.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyediakan
9 buah tabung reaksi yang bersih dan mengisi dengan larutan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 26.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 96%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 33.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.8%;" width="28%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.
tabung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 83.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.8%;" valign="top" width="28%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL air suling</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: -5.4pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 1,0 N</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,38</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,62</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,25</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,25</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 83.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.8%;" valign="top" width="28%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH Larutan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.8%;" valign="top" width="28%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan segera</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 28.8%;" valign="top" width="28%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan setelah 10
detik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 9.0%;" valign="top" width="9%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.2%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 7.22%;" valign="top" width="7%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.14%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
. .</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selanjutnya,
menambahkan masing – masing 1 mL larutan kasein Na-Asetat kedalam masing-masing
tabung. Setelah itu tabung dikocok. Mencatat kekeruhan yang terjadi setelah
pengocokan berakhir dan setelah 10 menit dengan tanda sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Tidak terjadi kekeruhan sama sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(+/-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan tipis sekali </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(++)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan lebih banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(+++)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan paling banya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(x)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=
endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menentukan
titik isoelektrik kasein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaraman
Protein (Salting-out)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> mL larutan protein
(putih telur) ke dalam gelas kimia dan menambahkan kira-kira sebanyak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> gram kristal ammonium
sulfat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengaduk
larutan sampai jenuh dengan garam ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyaring
dan menguji filtrat dengan uji biuret dan melakukan hal yang sama terhadap
endapan pada kertas saring.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">V. HASIL
PENGAMATAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat
Mengion Asam Amino</span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.65pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.75pt;" width="289">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.3pt;" width="146">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.65pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 216.75pt;" valign="top" width="289">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">400
mg glisin + 20 ml aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan glisin + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
2N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
penambahan terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">32
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">36
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">40
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">44
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">48
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">52
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">56
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">60
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">64
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">68
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">72
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">76
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">80
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">84
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">400 mg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> glisin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> + 20 ml aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.1pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Glisin
+ NaOH 10%</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
tetes terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">28 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">32 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">400 mg sistin + 20 ml
aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan sistin + H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>
2N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
tetes terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">16 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">20 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -15.85pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">24 tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">400 mg sistin + 20 ml
aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan sistin + NaOH
10 %</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes pertama</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
10 tetes kedua</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.95pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
tetes terakhir</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4
tetes</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 37.15pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8
tetes</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 109.3pt;" valign="top" width="146">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,00</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,52</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,37</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,21</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,09</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,00</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,91</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,86</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,82</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,78</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,64</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,58</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,49</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,44</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,35</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,24</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,17</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,09</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,02</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,94</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,87</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,81</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,76</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,72</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,67</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,61</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,57</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,49</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,44</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,40</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,23</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,15</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,13</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,89</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,23</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,20</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,73</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,62</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,85</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,05</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,18</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,30</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,37</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,44</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,50</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,56</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,61</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,72</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,85</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,96</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,04</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,11</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,28</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,45</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,61</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,84</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10,13</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10,54</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11,63</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12,07</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,59</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,89</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,45</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,29</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,21</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,09</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2,04</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,99</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,98</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,92</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,88</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,82</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,69</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,65</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,60</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,52</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,47</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,40</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,37</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,26</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,20</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6,76</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,70</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,86</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,93</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,97</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,00</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,10</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,11</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,13</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,25</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,26</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,32</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,33</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,62</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9,91</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">10,81</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">11,62</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12,02</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik
isoelektrik dan kelarutan kasein</span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: -1.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 33.55pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.36%;" width="29%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.
tabung</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 33.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.58%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 98.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.36%;" valign="top" width="29%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL air suling</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,01N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH 0,1 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mL CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
1,0 N</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,38</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,62</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,25</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,75</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,25</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0,5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" valign="top" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 98.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.58%;" valign="top" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7,4</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1,6</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.36%;" width="29%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pH Larutan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5,0</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4,1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.58%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3,5</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.36%;" width="29%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan segera</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">+/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">+</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.58%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">++</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 29.36%;" width="29%">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelarutan setelah 10
detik</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.64%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+/-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.6%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+/-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+/-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 6.9%;" width="6%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">++</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 8.58%;" width="8%">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">+++</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= Tidak terjadi kekeruhan sama sekali</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(+/-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan tipis sekali </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(++)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan lebih banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(+++)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Kekeruhan paling banyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(x)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= endapan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penggaraman
Protein</span></i></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.65pt;" width="36">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" width="274">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 26.65pt;" valign="top" width="36">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 205.55pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albumin
telur ayam ras</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
ml albumin ayam ras + 4 g (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> + diaduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disaring</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Residu
+ 2 tetes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">biuret</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Albumin
telur ayam kampung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5
ml albumin ayam kampung + 4 g (NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> +
diaduk</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disaring
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 15.85pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Residu
+ 2 tetes buret</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 120.5pt;" valign="top" width="161">
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>melarut dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berwarna putih susu.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtrat
dan residu terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -11.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endapan
berwarna biru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (+)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 11.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal
(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> melarut dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">berwarna putih susu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filtrat
dan residu terpisah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 8.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -8.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Padatan/endapan
berwarna biru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (++)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keterangan : (+)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= biru muda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(++)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= biru</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VI.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein
yaitu senyawa makromolekul polipeptida yang berbobot molekul tinggi dan
tersusun dari sejumlah asam amino yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan peptida. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Asam amino</span> adalah sembarang </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">senyawa organik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gugus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Gugus (page does not exist)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">gugus</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_fungsional" title="Gugus fungsional"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fungsional</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboksil" title="Karboksil"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karboksil</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (-COOH) dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina" title="Amina"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">amina</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(biasanya -NH<sub>2</sub>) (Tim Penyusun, 2012).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
dari percobaan ini adalah untuk mempelajari sifat-sifat asam amino dan protein.
Pada percobaan ini melakukan 3 pengujian yaitu sifat mengion asam amino,
menentukan titik isoelektrik dan kelarutan kasein, dan penggaraman protein
(salting-out).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sifat mengion asam amino</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 92.15pt 4.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ada percobaan ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">, asam </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">amino yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">akan di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">amati sifat mengionnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> glisin dan sistin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Mula-mula menimbang masing-masing 0,4 gram serbuk glisin
dan sistin di dalam gelas kimia. Selanjutnya menambahkan 20 ml aquades ke dalam
gelas kimia tersebut, kemudian mengukur pH masing-masing larutan tersebut
dengan menggunakan pH meter. Pada percobaan ini glisin dan sistin dilarutkan
dalam aquades agar asam amino dapat membentuk zwitter ion, karena jika dalam
bentuk padatannya, maka tidak dapat di uji lebih lanjut dalam hal ini yaitu
penambahan asam dan basa. Setelah penambahan aquades, dapat dilihat bahwa
glisin larut dalam aquades sedangkan sistin tidak larut. Glisin larut dalam air
karena memiliki kepolaran yang tinggi karena memiliki elektron bebas dan tidak
memiliki gugus samping pada senyawanya, sedangkan sistin tidak larut dalam
aquades karena sistin merupakan gabungan dua molekul sistein sehingga membentuk
jembatan sulfida yang menyebabkan sistin tidak larut dalam air. Pada percobaan
ini pH-meter berfungsi untuk menentukan pH sampel. Selanjutnya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">epada masing-masing
sampel tersebut, ditambahkan dengan larutan asam atau basa, untuk melihat zat
mana yang paling terpengaruh dengan keadaan asam atau basa ini. Larutan asam
yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gunakan adalah larutan
H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>2N. Sementara larutan basanya adalah larutan NaOH
10%.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
penambahan asam, penambahan dilakukan kepada ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> sampel, dengan melihat sampel mana yang
lebih dulu mencapai pH 1,2. dan diperoleh hasil yaitu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> larutan sistin lebih dulu mencapai pH 1,2 dengan hanya
membutuhkan 44 tetes larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 2 N sedangkan untuk
larutan glisin membutuhkan 104 tetes larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 2 N
untuk mencapai pH 1,2. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Demikian pula pada
penambahan basa pada ke</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dua</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sampel tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lalu,
jika kita membandingkan lagi kecepatan perubahan pH menjadi 12 untuk kedua asam
amino</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, maka dapat kita lihat
bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sistin lebih dulu mencapai pH 12 dengan hanya membutuhkan
32 tetes larutan NaOH 10% dibandingkan dengan glisin yang membutuhkan 84 tetes
larutan NaOH 10% untuk mencapai pH 12. Dari data yang diperoleh tersebut dapat
dilihat bahwa sistin lebih cepat mencapai pH 1,2 dan pH 12 dibandingkan glisin.
Hal ini terjadi karena sistin merupakan gabungan dari dua molekul sistein,
sehingga dapat membentuk dua zwitterion dalam satu molekulnya yang menyebabkan
sistin lebih cepat mengion. Adapun struktur zwitterion dari glisin dan sistin
yaitu :</span></div>
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</xml><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p> </o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Glisin<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Sistin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebelum menguji sifat mengion asam amino, terlebih dahulu dilakukan
pengujian aquades jika ditambahkan dengan larutan asam dan larutan basa. Ketika
aquades ditambahkan dengan larutan asam, maka konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup>
dalam air akan bertambah yang menyebabkan air bersifat asam, sedangkan ketika
aquades ditambahkan dengan larutan basa, maka konsentrasi ion OH<sup>-</sup>
dalam air akan bertambah yang menyebabkan air bersifat basa. <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Berdasarkan literatur,</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: text1;"> perubahan pH terjadi secara drastis, sesuai
dengan penambahan asam dan basa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (Fessenden, 1990).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain itu, asam amino bersifat
amfoterik, artinya berperilaku sebagai asam dan mendonasikan proton pada basa
kuat, atau dapat juga berperilaku sebagai basa dan menerima proton dari asam
kuat. Perilaku ini dinyatakan dalam kesetimbangan berikut untuk asam amino
dengan satu gugus amino dan satu gugus karboksil. Keadaan ion ini sangat
tergantung pada pH larutan. Apabila larutan asam amino dalam air ditambah dengan
basa, maka asam amino akan terdapat dalam bentuk (I) karena konsentrasi ion OH<sup>-</sup>
yang tinggi mampu mengikat ion-ion H<sup>+</sup> yang terdapat pada gugus -NH<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaliknya apabila ditambahkan asam ke
dalam larutan asam amino, maka konsentrasi ion H<sup>+</sup> yang tinggi mampu
berikatan dengan ion –COO<sup>-</sup>, sehingga terbentuk gugus –COOH. Dengan
demikian asam amino terdapat dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bentuk
(II).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asam amino
mengandung suatu gugus amino yang bersifat basa dan gugus karboksil yang
bersifat asam dalam molekul yang sama. Suatu asam amino mengalami reaksi
asam-basa internal yang menghasilkan suatu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ion dipolar</i></b>, yang juga disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zwitterion</i></b>
(dari kata Jerman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zwitter, </i>“hibrida”). Karena terjadinya muatan ion, suatu asam amino
mempunyai banyak sifat garam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari percobaan ini, dapat kita asumsikan
bahwa suatu asam amino akan mengion ketika ditambahkan suatu asam atau basa,
dan ionnya tersebut dapat bersifat asam ataupun basa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Poedjiadi, 2005).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Titik isoelektrik dan kelarutan kasein</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada percobaan ini yang akan di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">amati
dari protein dan asam amino ini adalah titik isoelektriknya. Pada </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">z</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">witterion asam amino
yang rantai sampingnya tak bermuatan, maka muatan positif dan negatif saling
meniadakan, sehingga tak ada muatan bersih pada molekul. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Setiap asam amino yang muatan positif dan negatifnya berimbang
dikatakan berada pada <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">titik isoelektrik</b>.
pH pada saat perimbangan ini terjadi disebut <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">pH isoelektrik</b>.</i> Titik isoelektrik asam amino dengan rantai
samping tak bermuatan terjadi di sekitar pH 7,0 pada larutan berair. Asam amino
cenderung paling kurang larut pada titik isoelektriknya, karena muatan
bersihnya nol. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan teori tersebut, maka
dilakukan pengamatan terhadap titik isoelektrik dari Casein. Casein merupakan
suatu protein yang tersusun atas 3 unit asam amino. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan ini, disiapkan 9 buah
tabung reaksi dengan diberikan perlakuan yang berbeda. Di dalam tabung tersebut
dimasukkan air dengan asam asetat dengan konsentrasi serta volume yang
bervariasi untuk setiap tabung reaksi<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i>
Setelah itu, pada kesembilan tabung reaksi tersebut kemudian diisi dengan
larutan Casein</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-Na-asetat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
lalu kemudian dikocok, dan pH dari kesembilan tabung diukur serta mengamati
perubahan yang terjadi. Dari tabung 1-9 terlihat intensitas terjadinya
pengendapan meningkat. Dari tidak ada (pada tabung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1-6), hingga perlahan-lahan
muncul pada tabung selanjutnya. Terlihat bahwa hal ini terjadi seiring dengan
dinaikkannya konsentrasi asam asetat yang dimasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada perlakuan ini natrium asetat berfungsi untuk
mengendapkan casein.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> literatur dikatakan bahwa asam amino</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dan protein seperti casein</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
cenderung paling kurang larut pada titik isoelektriknya, karena muatan
bersihnya nol. Dimana kasein memiliki titik isoelektrik pada pH 4,6 – 4,7
artinya apabila kasein memiliki pH di atas atau di bawah pH tersebut maka
kasein terlarut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga
dapat kita tentukan bahwa titik isoelektrik dari sampel Casein </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">pada percobaan ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah pada pH 3,5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yaitu terjadi pada
tabung ke-9, Dimana pada tabung tersebut berisi aquades senbanyak 7,4 mL dan
larutan asam asetat 1 N sebanyak 1,6 mL. Hal serupa tidak terjadi pada tabung
reaksi yang lainnya karena pada saat itu titik isoelektriknya belumlah
tercapai. Atau dengan kata lain, casein disini masih bermuatan atau membentuk
ion, sehingga belum menjadi netral, dan masih dapat larut di dalam air.
Penambahan asam terhadap casein ini akan membuat ion H<sup>+</sup> dari asam
tertarik ke terminal N pada casein, dan membuat NH<sub>2</sub> menjadi bermuatan
dan mulai bersifat basa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggaraman protein (Salting-Out)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggaraman atau salting out
adalah proses pengendapan protein dengan cara menambahkan garam tertentu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Protein dapat diendapkan atas dasar sifat-sifatnya seperti koloid. Kebanyakan
protein (terutama protein Globular) di dalam air akan membentuk koloid
hidrofil. Karena itu, faktor pengendapan koloid berlaku pula pada protein.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada percobaan ini kami menggunakan putih
telur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(albumin) ayam kampung dan ayam ras </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai
sampel proteinnya. Protein-protein ini bersifat khas yaitu pada titik
isoelektriknya menghasilkan larutan yang mantap dan tetap larut dalam air. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada percobaan ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 5 ml a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lbumin atau putih telur
di reaksikan dengan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
gram garam kristal ammonium sulfat. Pada langkah ini larutan akan masuk ke
tahap penjenuhan, sehingga akan terbentuk endapan. Hal ini sesuai dengan
literatur yang ada, bahwa penambahan garam terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>protein hingga jenuh akan mengendapkan karena
terjadi proses penetralan partikel protein sekaligus dehidrasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pengendapan ini terjadi karena garam ammonium sulfat
lebih kuat mengikat air dari protein dalam hal ini adalah albumin yang
menyebabkan protein mengendap karena molekul airnya telah bereaksi dengan
ammonium silfat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Bentuk dan sifat protein dalam
pengendapan ini umumnya tetap dipertahankan atau utuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kemudian, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">endapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari campuran ini diuji dengan uji
biuret. Uji biuret ini sesungguhnya bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya ikatan
peptida dalam suatu protein. Dimana hasil positifnya adalah terbentuknya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">zat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berwarna </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">biru-ungu. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, albumin ayam
kampung berwarna biru sedangkan albumin ayam ras berwarna biru muda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hal ini menandakan bahwa protein albumin</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> ayam ras</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> hanya mengandung
sedikit ikatan peptide</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dibanding albumin
ayam kampung</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Warna biru yang diperoleh berasal dari
ion Cu<sup>2+</sup> pada biuret. Karena biuret adalah senyawa dengan dua ikatan
peptida yang terbentuk pada pemanasan dua molekul urea. Ion Cu<sup>2+</sup>
dari pereaksi biuret dalam suasana basa akan bereaksi dengan polipeptida atau
ikatan peptida yang menyusun protein membentuk senyawa kompleks berwarna ungu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">VII.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun
kesimpulan yang diperoleh pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pH isoelektriknya, suatu protein sangat mudah diendapkan karena pada saat itu
muatan nettonya adalah nol. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
asam amino bersifat amfoter, karena setidak-tidaknya mengandung satu gugus
karboksil (asam) dan satu gugus amin (basa). Sehingga dapat dengan mudah
bereaksi dengan basa ataupun dengan basa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Protein
akan memberikan warna ungu jika dilakukan uji biuret, yang mengidentifikasi
bahwa warna ungu terjadi akibat adanya ikatan peptida dalam protein. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anonim, 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Protein
dan Asam Amino</i>. Http:// wikipedia.org/protein-dan-asam-amino/09/2010/.
(Diunduh : 10 Desember 2012).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fessenden. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kimia Organik.</i> Jakarta : Erlangga.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: TH;">Poedjiadi, Anna. 1994. Dasar-Dasar Biokimia. Jakarta
:UI-Press.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Tim Pembina Mata Kuliah. 2008. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Biokimia Dasar</i>. Palu:
Universitas Tadulako. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wirahadikusumah,
Muhammad. 1989. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">BIOKIMIA Protein, Enzim
dan Asam Nukleat.</i> Bandung. Penerbit ITB.</span></div>
<br /><br />Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-29810543348419675352012-06-14T18:24:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:25:25.756-07:00Nama Hobi Musik<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang
dosen bertanyan pada mahasiswanya yang sejak awal kelas selalu ribut sendiri.<br />
<br />
Dosen : "Hey namamu sapa?"<br />
Mahasiswa: "Saya HOBI MUSIK pak..."<br />
Dosen: "Saya tanya nama bukan hobi?"<br />
Mahasiswa: "Hobi Musik pak."<br />
Dosen: "Namamu?" (marah)<br />
Mahasiswa: "Iya pak, nama saya Hobi Musik..."<br />
Dosen: "Oke..., hobi mu apa?"<br />
Mahasiswa: "Eeee....Budi, Pak..."<br />
Dosen: "?????"</span></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-79451000647557917122012-06-14T18:23:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:25:25.766-07:00Menebak Berat Bayi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Serombongan
orang mengadakan kunjungan ke bagian bersalin sebuah rumah sakit. Ketika bayi
baru dibawa ke kamar bayi, semua wanita mencoba mengira beratnya, tapi ada
satu-satunya orang yang berani menyebut angka dengan tepat.<br />
<br />
"Tampaknya seperti 4 kilo 3 ons," ia percaya diri.<br />
<br />
"Ini pastinya bukan pertama kalinya Anda ke sini," kata seorang
wanita di sampingnya.<br />
<br />
"Oh," katanya. "Ini pertama kali saya ke sini."<br />
<br />
"Lalu bagaimana kau busa tahu berat bayi ini dengan tepat?" tanyanya.<br />
<br />
Dia mengangkat bahu, "Aku seorang nelayan."</span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-51484952426292655112012-06-14T18:22:00.000-07:002012-06-14T18:25:25.761-07:00Hewan Paling Kurangajar<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada seorang
anak bertanya pada ibunya.<br />
<br />
Anak: "Mama..."<br />
Mama: "Apa sayang?"<br />
Anak: "Ma, hewan apa yang paling kurang ajar?"<br />
Mama: "Kambing??!<br />
Anak: "Bukan..."<br />
Mama: "Kucing, sapi, anjing, kadal, mama gak tau sayang!"<br />
Anak: "Masa gak tau, hewan kurang ajar itu ya kutu. Kemarin aku liat kutu
itu nginjek kepala mama."</span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-12675656255884548052012-06-14T18:20:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:25:25.744-07:00Persiapan Kursus Ekstrakurikuler<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada ujian
pertengahan semester, hasil ujian ilmu hitung anak perempuan kami merosot
drastis, istriku juga kalang kabut, maka itu ia segera berusaha menghubungi
sebuah kursus ekstrakurikuler.<br />
<br />
Guru kursus itu menuntut setiap siswa yang ikut kursus menyiapkan alat-alat
belajar sendiri, baik buku pelajaran, berbagai diktat dan bahan-bahan referensi
ilmu hitung lainnya maupun buku-buku latihan semuanya harus dibawa dengan
lengkap.<br />
<br />
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belajar, sebelum berangkat aku menanya anakku: "Barang-barangmu apa sudah
kamu persiapkan semua?"<br />
<br />
"Sudah, pendeknya tahu beres, Pak" jawabnya dengan singkat sambil
mengangkat dan menepuk-nepuk tasnya.<br />
<br />
Aku sambil lalu menanyanya lagi: "Apa saja yang telah kamu
persiapkan?"<br />
<br />
Anak perempuanku itu mengatakan: "Sebungkus biskuit, 2 batang sosis ham, 5
buah jelly dan sebotol minuman jus."</span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-23535058445129047942012-06-14T18:19:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:25:25.749-07:00Pelecehan di Kendaraan Umum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di atas
sebuah bus yang penuh penumpang, tangan seorang hidung belang paroh baya meraba
paha seorang wanita muda yang mengenakan rok berwarna hijau.<br />
<br />
Wanita muda itu memaki-makinya: "Kamu ini betul-betul si bandot tua, sudah
berumur tapi tangannya masih jahil dan tiada tahu diri."<br />
<br />
"Tanganku memegang tiang pegangan, karena merasa terlalu nyeri maka dengan
tak sengaja terlepas jatuh dan mengenai pahamu, masa urusan kecil seperti ini
membuat gusar dirimu sedemikian rupa," kata di hidung belang.<br />
<br />
Wanita muda itu berkata lebih lanjut: "Lalu mengapa kamu meraba pahaku
untuk kedua kalinya?"<br />
<br />
Si hidung belang menyusul berkata: "Saat aku coba menarik tanganku dari
celah-celah himpitan orang banyak, dengan tak sengaja tanganku sekali lagi
menyentuh pahamu, hehehe..."</span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-77969381728007882192012-06-14T17:58:00.001-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.838-07:00STEREOISOMER KARBOHIDRAT<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">STEREOISOMER</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Isomer adalah molekul yang memiliki molekuk
formula yang sama namun susuan 3D yang berbeda. Tidak termasuk molekul hasil
perputaran dari molekul tersebut secara penuh atau hasil rotasi ikatan ikatan
tunggal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat atom membuat berbagai macam isomer
dengan membentuk struktur yang berbeda hal ini deikenal dengan isomer
struktural. Isomer struktural bukanlah suatu bentuk dari stereoismer dan
dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada halaman lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
stereoisomer, atom yang menghasilkan isomer berada pada posisi yang sama namun
memiliki pengaturan keruangan yang berbeda.Stereoisomer terbagi menajdi 2 yaitu
isomer optikal dan isomer geometric.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isomer Optikal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinamakan isomer optikal karena efek
yang terjadi pada polarisasi sinar. Substansi sederhana yang menghasilkan
isomer optikal dikenal sebagai enansiomer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah larutan mempolarisasi sinar datar sehingga berputar
searah jarum jam.Enasiomer ini dikenal sebagai d atau bentuk (+). (d
merupakan singkatan dari dextrorotatory). Sebagai contoh, salah satu isomer
optikal (enansiomer) dari asam amino alanin dikenal sebagai d -alanin
atau (+)alanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebuah larutan mempolarisasi sinar datar sehingga berputar
berlawanan arah dengan jarum jam. Enansiomer ini dikenal sebagai l atau
bentuk (-) . ( l merupakan singkatan dari laevorotatory.) Enansiomer lain dari
alanin dikenal sebagai l-alanin atau (-) alanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika konsentrasi larutan seimbang maka putaran serah dan
berlawanan jarum jam saling meniadakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat subtansi aktif optikal dibuat di laboratorium, biasanya
dibuat dari campuran50/50 dari kedua enasiomer yang dikenal sebagai campuran
rasemik (rasemic mixture) yang tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap polarisasi
sinar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana optikal isomer muncul</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Contoh dari isomer optikal organik sebuah karbon yang dengan empat
atom yang lain. Kedua model berikut ini memiliki jenis atom yang sama yang
terikat ke carbon sebagai pusatnya, dan menjadi dua molekul yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan jelas diperlihatkan pada gambar bagian oranye dan biru tidak
berada pada posisi yang sama. Dapatkah anda mendapatkannya hanya dengan memutar
molekul tersebut? Gambar selanjutnya memperlihatkan apa yang anda dapatkan bila
andamemutar molekul <b>B</b>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tetap saja tidak menjadi sebuah molekul yang sama. Dan tidak mungkin
anda bisa mendapatkan yang sama hanya denga memutar molekul. Sehingga kedua
molekul diatas merupakan isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hal ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan sudut yang terjadi sewaktu
berikatan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Apa yang akan terjadi jika terdapat dua buah atom yang sama yang
terikat pada karbon? Gambar berikut akan menjelaskannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua model disusun sama seperti model sebelumnya, namun atom biru
dapantikan dengan atom merah muda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perputaran dari molekul <b>B</b> menghasilkan molekul yang sama
dengan molekul <b>A</b>. Anda mendapatkan isomer optikal hanya apabila kempat
grup yang terikat dengan karbon berbeda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Molekul Kiral dan Akiral</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perbedaan yang esensial dari kedua contoh diatas berada pada simetri
dari molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika ada duah buah atom yang sama terikat pada atom karbon, maka
molekul akan memiliki sebuah bidang simetri (<i>plane of symmetry)</i>. Jika
anda membayangkan memotong melalui molekul, bagian kanan akan sama dengan
bagian kiri.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat empat buah atom yang berbeda terikat dengan atom. Tidak
terdapatsimetri pada molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Molekul yang tidak memiliki bidang simetri disebut sebagai <b>kiral</b>.
Atom karbon dimana empat atom yang berbeda berikatan disebut sebagai <b>inti
kiral</b> atau <b>atom karbon asimetri.</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Molekuk pada bagian kiri (yang memiliki bidang simetri) disebut
sebagai<b><i>akiral</i></b>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hanya molekul kiral yang memiliki isomer optikal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Hubungan antara enansiomer-enansiomer</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu enansiomer merupakan bayangan cermin dari enansiomer yang
lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua isomer (yang asli dan bayangannya) memiliki struktur ruangyang
beda dan bukan molekul yang sama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat molekul <b><i>akiral</i></b> (molekul yang memiliki bidang
simetri) dicerminkan, anda dapat mendapatkan hasil pencerminan tersebut hanya
dengan memutar molekul awal. Sehingga menghasilkan dua molekul yang identik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Contoh nyata dari isomer optikal</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">Butan-2-ol</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atom karbon asimetrik pada senyawa (dimana empat buah grup yang
berbeda terikat) ditunjukkan dengan bintang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sangat penting untuk menggambar isomer secara tepat. Gambarlah
dengan menggunakan standar penggambaran ikatan untuk menunjukkan pengaturan 3D
disekitar atom karbon asimetrik. Lalu gambar pencerminannya (serta cerminnya
bila diperlukan).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perhatikan bahwa anda tidak perlu menggambar bayangan cermin dari
semua angka dan huruf (akan menjadi sulit dibaca bila anda membuatnyamenjadi
bayangan cermin). Namun cukup berguna bila anda membalik grup yang besar,
sebagai contoh rtil pada bagian puncak dari gambar molekul diatas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak penting bagaimana anda menggambar empat grup disekitar karbon.
Selama anda menggambar bayangannyasecara akurat, anda telat menggambar dua buah
isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jadi yang mana dari kedua isomer ini yang merupakan<b><i>d</i></b>-butan-2-ol
dan yang mana yang merupakan <b><i>l</i></b>-butan-2-ol? Tidak ada cara yang
mudah untuk mengetahuinya. Anda dapat mengabaikannya untuk sementara ini.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">asam 2-hidroksipropanoik (lactic acid)</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sekali lagi, carbon kiral ditunjukkan dengan bintang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua enansiomernya yaitu:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sangat penting pada kali ini unuk menggambarCOOH secara terbalik
pada bayangan cermin. Jika tidak ada kemungkinan besar anda menggabungkannya
dengan carbon pusat secara salah.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar seperti diatas anda telah salah menggambar
molekul ini.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">asam 2-aminopropanoik(alanine)</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Merupakan amino asam yang terjadi secara natural. Secara struktur
mirip dengan contoh sebelumnya, hanya -OH digantikan dengan -NH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua enansiomernya:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hanya <b><i>l</i></b>-isomer yang terbentuk secara natural (Walau
anda tidak dapat mengetahui yang mana yang merupakan l-isomer hanya dengan melihat
struktur diatas). Merupakan hal yang biasa pada sistem alamiah hanya adanya
salah satu karbon optikal. Tidak terlalu sulit menjelaskannya. Karena molekul
memiliki struktur ruang yang berbeda dengan grup-grupnyahanya salah satu saja
yang dapat berpasangan dengan enzim yang bekerja sama dengannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada laboratorium, biasanya pada sintesis dihasilkan kedua buah
bentuk secara seimbang dan menjadikannya campuran rasemik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isomer Geometrik</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Isomer
Geometrik (juga dikenal sebagai isomer cis / trans ) merupakan salah satu
bentuk dari isomer. Halaman ini menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan
stereoisomer dan bagaimana anda bisa mengetahui kemungkinan adannya isomer
geometri dari sebuah molekul.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana isomer geometrik muncul</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Isomer isomer ini muncul saat anda melakukan rotasi rotasi tertentu
dalam molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bayangkan sebuah ikatan karbon dimana semua ikatan merupakan
ikatan tunggal. Gambar berikut memperlihatkan dua konfigurasi yang mungkin dari
1,2-dikloroetan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua model ini mewakili molekul yang sama. Anda bisa mendapatkan
molekul yang kedua hanya dengan memutar ikatan tunggal dari karbon. Sehinga
kedua molekul diatas bukanlah isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar struktur formulanya, anda akan menyadari
bahwa kedua molekul berikut ini merupakan molekul yang sama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Namun bagaimana dengan karbon-karbon ikatan rangkap, seperti pada
1,2-dikloroe<u>ten</u>?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua molekul diatas tidaklah sama. Ikatan rangkap tidak dapat
diputar sehingga anda haru mempreteli model anda dan menggabungkannya lagi
untuk dapat menghasilkan molekul yang kedua. Seperti yang diterangkan
sebelumnya, Jika anda harus membongkar model dari sebuah molekul dan
menggaabungkannya lagi untuk membuat model yang lain maka kedua molekul yang
telah anda buat merupakan isomer. Jika anda hanya memutar bagian bagian
tertetentu saja. Anda tidak akan menghasilkan sebuah molekul yang lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Struktur formula dari kedua molekul diatas menghasilkan 2 buah
isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yang pertama, kedua klorin berada dalam posisi yang berlawanan pada
ikatan rangkap. Isomer ini dikenal dengan nama isomer <b><i>trans</i></b>.
(<i>trans</i> :dari bahasa latin yang berarti bersebrangan).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sedangkan yang satu lagi, kedua atom berada pada sisi yang sama dari
ikatan rangkap. Dikenal sebagai isomer <b><i>cis</i></b> . (<i>cis</i> : dari
bahasa latin berarti “pada sisi ini”).</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Contoh yang lain bisa anda dapati pada but-2-ene.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Pentingnya menggambar isomer geometrik dengan benar.</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda munkin menggambar but-2-ene sebagai:I</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar seperti ini anda melupakan adanya isomer
geometrik. Jika ada kemungkinan isomer akan berpengaruh, selalu gambarkan
dengan sudut ikatan yang benar (120°) disekitar karbon dan pada ujung dari
ikatan. Dengan kata lain, gunakan format seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh gambar
diatas.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana mengenali adanya isomer geometrik</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda membutuhkan adanya ikatan yang tidak dapat diputar. Yang
berarti ikatan-ikatan rangkap. Jika terdapat ikatan rangkap, berhati hatilah
akan adanya kemungkinan adanya isomer geometrik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">Apa yang perlu diikatkan pada karbon-karbon ikatan rangkap?</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pikirkan kasus berikut ini:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Walaupun kelompok tangan kanan kita putar, kita masih berada pada
molekul yang sama. Anda hanya memutar keseluruhan molekul saja.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda tidak akan mendapatkan isomer geometrik jika pada daerah yang
sama terdapat atom yang sama. Dalam contoh diatas, kedua atom merah muda di
daerah tangan kiri.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jadi harus ada dua atom yang berbeda pada daerah tangan kiri dan
daerah tangan kanan. Seperti pada gambar berikut ini:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda juga bisa membuatnya lebih berbeda lagi dan tetap menghasilkan isomer
geometrik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Disini atom biru dan hijau bisa berada bersebrangan ataupun
bersebelahan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atau anda dapat membuat dari atom yang berbeda beda.Anda masih
mendapatkan isomer geometrik, namun penamaan dengan kata-kata <i>cis</i> dan <i>trans</i>
menjadi tidak berarti.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Ringkasan:</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk mendapatkan isomer geometrik anda harus memiliki:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikatan yang tidak bisa
dirotasikan (contoh:ikatan-ikatan rangkap);</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dua atom yang berbeda pada
daerah tangan kanan maupun tangan kiri. Tidak diwajibkan atom atom tangan kanan
dan tangan kiri merupakan atom atom yang sama.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JENIS-JENIS ISOMER MONOSAKARIDA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monosakarida D & L</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monosakarida
diberi nama <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D</span> jika gugus -OH
pada atom C* yang letaknya paling jauh dari gugus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terletak disebelah kanan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monosakarida
diberi nama <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L</span> jika gugus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH pada atom C* tersebut berada disebelah
kiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh
:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turunan D-aldosa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turunan D Ketosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heksosa yang paling banyak di alam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 99.75pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ENANSIOMER DAN EPIMER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BENTUK
SIKLIK MONOSAKARIDA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pentosa
dan heksosa dapat membentuk struktur siklik melalui reaksi gugus keton atau
aldehida dengan gugus OH dari atom C asimetrik terjauh. Glukosa membentuk
hemiasetal intra-molekular sebagai hasil reaksi aldehida dari C1 & OH dari
atom C5, dinamakan cincin piranosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pEtCuzc_U44/TVyqmxfnHjI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/35LkoCjMYFs/s1600/7.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan hemiasetal & hemiketal</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aldehida
dapat bereaksi dengan alkohol membentuk hemiasetal. Keton dapat bereaksi dengan
alkohol membentuk hemiketal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K36ZvcZk3cs/TVyq68BYlgI/AAAAAAAAA0U/j_ibmlLy1DI/s1600/8.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fruktosa
dapat membentuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cincin
piranosa, melalui reaksi antara gugus keto atom C2 dengan OH dari C6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cincin
furanosa, melalui reaksi antara gugus keto atom C2 dengan OH dari C5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KU4tJ1Se0WE/TVyrOU0AGDI/AAAAAAAAA0Y/iufDXGn0xvM/s1600/9.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siklisasi D-glukosa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZgW6FMqI2E/TVyrl_AQNjI/AAAAAAAAA0c/KFG7PICVth8/s1600/10.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cincin
beranggota enam = PIRANOSA</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembentukan
cincin siklik glukosa menghasilkan pusat asimetrik baru pada atom C1. Kedua
stereoisomer disebut anomer, a & b.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proyeksi
Haworth menunjukkan bentuk cincin dari gula dengan perbedaan pada posisi OH di
C1 anomerik :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> a (OH di bawah struktur cincin)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> b (OH di atas struktur cincin).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxvil_JVKvE/TVyr1fuYwqI/AAAAAAAAA0g/qqDlbcjpa38/s1600/11.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam
solusi, rantai-bentuk terbuka glukosa ('baik' D - atau 'L -') ada dalam
keseimbangan dengan beberapa isomer siklik , masing-masing berisi sebuah cincin
karbon ditutup dengan satu atom oksigen. Dalam larutan air, bagaimanapun,
glukosa ada sebagai pyranose selama lebih dari 99%. Bentuk rantai terbuka
terbatas sekitar 0,25% dan furanose ada dalam jumlah diabaikan. Istilah
"glukosa" dan "D-glukosa" biasanya digunakan untuk bentuk-bentuk
siklik juga. Cincin ini berasal dari bentuk rantai terbuka oleh adisi
nukleofilik reaksi antara kelompok aldehid - (C = O) H pada C-1 dan kelompok
hidroksil-OH pada C-4 atau C-5, menghasilkan hemiacetal kelompok-C (OH) HO-.
Hemiasetal siklik dapat terbentuk sebagai hasil reaksi antara gugus hidroksil
dan karbonil pada rantai yang sama</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QnKo-Sahbjo/TVysGaT1FtI/AAAAAAAAA0k/KVQDOBMS4DQ/s1600/12.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi
antara C-1 dan C-5 menciptakan sebuah molekul dengan cincin beranggota enam,
disebut pyranose , setelah eter siklik pyran , molekul sederhana dengan cincin
karbon-oksigen yang sama. Reaksi antara C-1 dan C-4 menciptakan sebuah molekul
dengan cincin beranggota lima, yang disebut furanose , setelah eter siklik
furan. Dalam kedua kasus, setiap karbon di atas ring memiliki satu hidrogen dan
satu hidroksil terpasang, kecuali untuk karbon terakhir (C-4 atau C-5) dimana
hidroksil diganti oleh sisa molekul terbuka (yang - (CHOH) 2-H atau - (CHOH)-H,
masing-masing).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi
cincin-penutupan membuat karbon C-1 kiral juga, karena empat obligasi
menyebabkan-H, ke-OH, untuk karbon C-2, dan oksigen cincin. Keempat bagian dari
molekul dapat diatur sekitar C-1 ( karbon anomeric ) dalam dua cara yang
berbeda, yang ditunjuk oleh prefiks 'α-' dan 'β-'. Ketika molekul glukopiranosa
ditarik dalam proyeksi Haworth , penunjukan 'α-' berarti bahwa kelompok
hidroksil yang melekat pada C-1 dan-CH 2 OH pada C-5 terletak di sisi
berlawanan dari ring pesawat (a trans pengaturan ), 'sedangkan' β-berarti bahwa
mereka berada di sisi yang sama dari pesawat (a cis pengaturan).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oleh
karena itu, terbuka isomer D-glukosa menimbulkan empat isomer siklik yang
berbeda: α-D-glukopiranosa, β-D-glukopiranosa, α-D-glucofuranose, dan
β-D-glucofuranose, α-D - Glucopyranose Glukopiranosa, β-D -
Glucopyranose Glukopiranosa, α-D - Glucofuranose Glucofuranose, β-D
- Glucofuranose Glucofuranose.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQsz9l5UbLg/TVysqvD5CFI/AAAAAAAAA0o/vtdS6icX5t4/s1600/13.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rantai
lainnya terbuka-isomer L-glukosa juga menimbulkan empat bentuk siklik berbeda
L-glukosa, masing-masing cermin gambar dari D-glukosa yang sesuai.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cincin
glukopiranosa (α atau β) dapat mengasumsikan bentuk non-planar beberapa, analog
dengan 'kursi' dan 'perahu' konformasi dari sikloheksana. Demikian pula, cincin
glucofuranose mungkin beranggapan beberapa bentuk, analog dengan 'amplop'
konformasi dari cyclopentane .</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y2lE2atU610/TVytH4OyeeI/AAAAAAAAA0w/1-97R_jew5U/s1600/14.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glukopiranosa
bentuk glukosa yang mendominasi dalam larutan, dan merupakan bentuk yang
diamati dalam keadaan padat. Mereka adalah padatan kristal berwarna, sangat
larut dalam air dan asam asetat , buruk larut dalam metanol dan etanol . Mereka
meleleh pada 146 ° C (α) dan 150 ° C (β), dan terurai pada suhu tinggi ke
karbon dan air.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VdB5Wv3LCaI/TVytMYXazxI/AAAAAAAAA00/AwYQQSndnjY/s1600/15.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena
sifat ikatan karbon yang berbentuk tetrahedral, gula piranosa membentuk
konfigurasi “kursi" atau “perahu", tergantung dari gulanya.
Penggambaran konfigurasi kursi dari glukopiranosa di atas lebih tepat dibandingkan
dengan proyeksi Haworth.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anomer α dan β</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Posisi
gugus-OH pada karbon anomeric merupakan perbedaan penting untuk kimia
karbohidrat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•
Posisi Beta didefinisikan sebagai-OH berada di sisi yang sama dari cincin
sebagai # C 6. Dalam struktur kursi ini menghasilkan proyeksi horisontal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•
Posisi Alpha didefinisikan sebagai-OH berada di sisi berlawanan dari cincin
sebagai # C 6. Dalam struktur kursi ini menghasilkan proyeksi ke bawah.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-k8PteoDGm9Q/TVytYxJBs2I/AAAAAAAAA04/1Y-ejcRDtsE/s1600/16.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PERAN GLUKOSA DALAM METABOLISME</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karbohidrat
merupakan sumber energi utama bagi tubuh manusia, yang menyediakan 4 kalori (17
kilojoule) energi pangan per gram. Pemecahan karbohidrat (misalnya pati)
menghasilkan mono- dan disakarida, terutama glukosa. Melalui glikolisis,
glukosa segera terlibat dalam produksi ATP, pembawa energi sel. Di sisi lain,
glukosa sangat penting dalam produksi protein dan dalam metabolisme lipid.
Karena pada sistem saraf pusat tidak ada metabolisme lipid, jaringan ini sangat
tergantung pada glukosa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glukosa
diserap ke dalam peredaran darah melalui saluran pencernaan. Sebagian glukosa
ini kemudian langsung menjadi bahan bakar sel otak, sedangkan yang lainnya
menuju hati dan otot, yang menyimpannya sebagai glikogen ("pati
hewan") dan sel lemak, yang menyimpannya sebagai lemak. Glikogen merupakan
sumber energi cadangan yang akan dikonversi kembali menjadi glukosa pada saat
dibutuhkan lebih banyak energi. Meskipun lemak simpanan dapat juga menjadi
sumber energi cadangan, lemak tak pernah secara langsung dikonversi menjadi
glukosa. Fruktosa dan galaktosa, gula lain yang dihasilkan dari pemecahan
karbohidrat, langsung diangkut ke hati, yang mengkonversinya menjadi glukosa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ALDOSA DAN KETOSA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aldosa dan ketosa sederhana terdiri
dari jumlah atom karbon yang sama merupakan isomer satu sama lain, karena itu,
heksosa dan hexulosa keduanya memiliki rumus empiris yang sama C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sup>
</sup><sub>6</sub> dan dapat diinterkonversi dengan isomerisasi. Isomerisasi
monosakarida melibatkan kedua gugus karbonil dan gugus hidroksil yang
berdekatan. Dengan reaksi ini, satu aldosa berubah menjadi aldosa yang lain
(dengan konfigurasi C-2 yang berlawanan) dan ketosa yang sesuai, sedangkan
ketosa berubah menjadi dua aldosa yang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, dengan
isomerisasi, D-glukosa, D-mannosa, dan D-fruktosa dapat diinterkonversi. Isomerisasi
dapat dikatalisis dengan basa atau enzim.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk Cincin Monosakarida</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gugus karbonil aldehid bersifat reaktif
dan dengan mudah mengalami nukleifilik yang diambil oleh atom oksigen dari
gugus hidroksil untuk menghasilkan hemiasetal. Gugus hidroksil hemiasetal dapat
bereaksi lebih jauh (dengan kondensasi) dengan gugus hidroksil dari alkohol
menghasilkan acetal. Reaksi gugus karbonil ketosa hampir sama.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk hemiasetal dapat terjadi dalam gula molekul aldosa
atau ketosa yang sama dimana karbonil fungsional bereaksi dengan salah satu
gugus hidroksilnya. Hasilnya adalah enam-anggota cincin gula yang disebut <i>piranosa</i>.
Dalam hal ini atom oksigen dari gugus hidroksil pada C-5 untuk bereaksi
membentuk cincin, C-5 harus berotasi untuk membawa atom oksigennya ke
atas/naik. Rotasi ini mem-bawa gugus hidroksimetil (C-6) ke posisi di atas
cincin. Gambar cincin D-glukopiranosa di bawah ini menunjukkan proyeksi
Haworth.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gula dapat juga membentuk lima-anggota
cincin yang disebut dengan furanosa, namun jarang terjadi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika atom karbon dari gugus karbonil
terlibat dalam formasi cincin, untuk menjadi hemiasetal (piranosa atau
furanosa), ia menjadi kiral. Dengan gula-D konfigurasi yang memiliki gugus
hidroksil di bawah cincin disebut dengan bentuk alpha.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Glikosida</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk hemiasetal gula dapat bereaksi dengan alkohol
untuk menghasilkan asetal penuh yang disebut de-ngan glikosida. Hubungan asetal
dengan atom karbon anomerik ditantadi oleh akhiran <i>–ide</i> . Misalnya
D-glukosa bereaksi dengan methanol, produk utamanya adalah metil
α-D-glukopyranoside dan sedikit metil β-D-glukopyranoside.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dua bentuk anomerik furanosida juga
terbentuk, namun strukturnya memiliki energi yang lebih tinggi, mereka
membentuk bentuk yang lebih stabil dan terdapat pada equilibrium dalam jumlah
yang ren-dah. Dalam hal ini gugus methil dan beberapa gugus lain terikat pada
gula membentuk glikosida, yang disebut aglikon. Glikosida mengalami hidrolisasi
menghasilkan gula reduksi dan senyawa terhidroksilasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Paling banyak terdapat di dalam makanan dan dimetabolisme
tubuh adalah hexose : glukosa (dekstrosa/gula anggur), fruktosa (levulosa atau
gula buah), galaktosa, mannose.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 22.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">- Dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu aldosa (monosakarida yang
mengandung gugus aldehid, misalnya gliseraldehid), dan ketosa (monosakarida yang
mengandung gugus keton, misal dihidroksiaseton)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-47678922568805630842012-06-12T21:16:00.000-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.830-07:00KROMATOGRAFI GAS<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24pt;">Kromatografi Gas </span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kromatografi gas adalah cara pemisahan
kromatografi menggunakan gas sebagai fasa penggerak. Zat yang dipisahkan
dilewatkan dalam kolom yang diisi dengan fasa tidak bergerak yang
terdiri dari bahan terbagi halus yang cocok. Gas pembawa mengalir melalui
kolom dengan kecepatan tetap, memisahkan zat dalam gas atau cairan, atau
dalam bentuk padat pada keadaan normal. Cara ini digunakan untuk percobaan
identifikasi dan kemurnian, atau untuk penetapan kadar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kromatografi Gas ( <span style="color: black;">GC)
merupakan jenis kromatografi yang digunakan dalam kimia organik untuk pemisahan
dan analisis. GC dapat digunakan untuk menguji kemurnian dari
bahan tertentu, atau memisahkan berbagai komponen dari campuran.
Dalam beberapa situasi, GC dapat membantu dalam mengidentifikasi sebuah
kompleks.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam kromatografi gas, fase yang bergerak
(atau “mobile phase”) adalah sebuah operator gas, yang biasanya gas murni
seperti helium atau yang tidak reactive seperti gas nitrogen.
Stationary atau fasa diam merupakan tahap mikroskopis lapisan cair
atau polimer yang mendukung gas murni, di dalam bagian darisistem
pipa-pipa kaca atau logam yang disebut kolom. Instrumen yang digunakan
untuk melakukan kromatografi gas disebut gas chromatograph (atau
“aerograph”, ”gas pemisah”).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kromatografi gas yang pada prinsipnya
sama dengan kromatografi kolom (serta yang
lainnya bentuk kromatografi, seperti HPLC, TLC), tapi memiliki
beberapa perbedaan penting. Pertama, proses memisahkan compounds
dalam campuran dilakukan antara stationary fase cair dan
gas fase bergerak, sedangkan pada kromatografi kolom yang seimbang
adalah tahap yang solid dan bergerak adalah fase cair. (Jadi, nama lengkap
prosedur adalah “kromatografi gas-cair”, merujuk ke ponsel dan stationary
tahapan,masing-masing.) Kedua, melalui kolom yang lolos tahap gas terletak di
sebuah oven dimana temperatur gas yang dapat dikontrol, sedangkan
kromatografi kolom (biasanya) tidak memiliki kontrol seperti suhu. Ketiga,
konsentrasi yang majemuk dalam fase gas adalah hanya salah satu fungsi
dari tekanan uap dari gas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kromatografi gas juga mirip dengan pecahan
penyulingan, karena kedua proses memisahkan komponen dari campuran
terutama berdasarkan titik didih (atau tekanan uap) perbedaan. Namun, pecahan
penyulingan biasanya digunakan untuk memisahkan komponen campuran pada
skala besar, sedangkan GC dapat digunakan pada skala yang lebih kecil (yakni
microscale).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Umumnya terdiri dari pencadang gas pembawa
(injector), tempat penyuntikan zat, kolom terletak dalam thermostat, alat
pendeteksi (detector) dan alat pencatat (rekorder) yang ditampilkan pada
komputer. Susunan alat tersebut dapat dibuat seperti skema berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara Pengoperasian
Gas Chromatography</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Sesudah alat-alat disiapkan, kolom, alat
pendeteksi, suhu dan aliran gas pembawa diatur hingga kondisi seperti yang
tertera pada masing-masing monografi, suntikkan larutan zat sejumlah yang
tertera pada masing-masing monografi atau larutan pada tempat
penyuntikan zat menggunakan alat penyuntik mikro. Pemisahan komponen-komponen
dideteksi dan digambarkan dalam kromatografi. Letakkan kurva pada kromatogram
dinyakatakn dalam waktu retensi (waktu dari penyuntikan contoh sampai puncak
kurva pada kromatogram) atau volume retensi (waktu retensi x kecepatan alir gas
pembawa) yang tetap untuk tiap zat pada kondisi yang tetap. Dasar ini digunakan
untuk identifikasi. Dari luas daerah puncak urva atau tinggi puncak kurva,
komponen zat dapat ditetapkan secara kwantitatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Cara kalibrasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Buat satu seri larutan . Setelah itu,
suntikan dengan volume sama tiap larutan ke dalam tempat penyuntikan zat.
Gambar garis kalibrasi dari kromatogram, dengan berat zat pada sumbu
horizontal, dan tinggi puncak kurva atau luas daerah puncak kurva pada sumbu
vertical. Buat larutan zat seperti yang tertera pada masing-masing monografi.
Dari kromatogram yang diperoleh dengan kondisi yang sama seperti cara
memperoleh garis kalibrasi, ukur luas daerah puncak kurva atau tinggi puncak
kurva. Hitung jumlah zat menggunakan garis kalibrasi. Dalam cara kerja ini,
semua harus dikerjakan dengan kondisi yang betul-betul tetap.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Disusun oleh : Rianingsih —- STFI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Incoming search terms:</span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kromatografi gas (2125)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">prinsip kerja kromatografi gas
(807)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">gas kromatografi (313)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">prinsip kromatografi gas (229)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">cara kerja kromatografi gas
(224)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kromatografi gas adalah (202)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">prinsip kerja gas kromatografi
(164)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-8242133957052574412012-06-06T01:28:00.000-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.840-07:00ALKENA<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">TUGAS KIMIA ORGANIK</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ALKENA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/butenecistrans.gif"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="color: WindowText; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></b></a></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">OLEH </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">:</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">PUTRAWAN BAHRIUL</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">A 251 10 006</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alkena</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengantar</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Senyawa Hidrokarbon tak
jenuh adalah senyawa organik yang mengandung satu ikatan rangkap dua. Berbeda
dengan kelompok hidrokarbon dimana ikatan tunggal C-C merupakan ikatan sigma
pada orbitas hibrid sp<sup>3</sup> dari dua atom karbonnya. Maka pada alkena
ikatan ganda dua C=C terbentuk dari ikatan sigma orbital-orbital hibrid sp<sup>2</sup>.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hidrokarbon tak jenuh adalah kelompok hidrokarbon yang
mempunyai jumlah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atom hidrogen per atom
karbon lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan alkana. Lebih kecilnya jumlah hidrogen
ini disebabkan oleh adanya ikatan ganda antara karbon-karbon, baik ganda dua maupun
ganda tiga. Kelompok hidrokarbon yang dalam ikatan karbon-karbonnya mengandung
ikatan ganda dua dinamakan alkena, dimana perbandingan karbon dan hidrogen
dapat ditandai dengan rumus empirik CnH<sub>2</sub>n. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berbeda dengan kelompok hidrokarbon jenuh
(Alkena), di mana ikatan tunggal C-C merupakan ikatan sikma pada orbital
hibrida <i>Sp<sup>3</sup></i> dari dua tom karbonnya, maka pada alkena ikatan
ganda dua C</span><span lang="EN-US">=</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">C
terbentuk dari ikatan sigma orbital-orbital hibrida <i>sp<sup>2</sup></i> dari
dua karbon yang kemudian dilengkapi dengan ikatan<i> p dari satu orbital p </i>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersisa pada masing-masing atom karbon yang
bersangkutan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dikenal juga senyawa alkena yang mempunyai
lebih dari satu ikatan ganda dua, dan kelompok senyawa ini dikenal dengan nama <i>alkadiena,
-tiena, - tetraena</i>, atau <i>poliena</i>, secara berturut-turut untuk dua,
tiga, empat, atau banyak ikatan ganda dua. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apabila dalam satu molekul terdapat lebih
dari satu ikatan ganda, maka strukturnya perlu digolongkan berdasarkan posisi
relatif ikatan-ikatan ganda tersebut. Jika ikatan ganda terletak bersebelahan
satu dengan lain, maka kelompok seperti itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dinamakan terkumulasi. Jika ikatan ganda yang terlibat dalam senyawa
menempati posisi berselang-seling dengan ikatan tunggal, dinamakan
terkonyugasi, tetapi apabila ikatan-ikatan ganda tersebut diantarai oleh dua
atau lebih ikatan tunggal,maka susunan seperti ini dinamakan terisolasi. Dari
ketiga susunan di atas, sistem . terkonyugasi merupakan sistem yang senyawanya
banyak ditemukan di alam dengan sifat-sifat kimia yang menarik.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikatan Dalam Alkena</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jika atom
karbon membentuk ikatan rangkap dua, karbon berada dalam keadaan sp<sup>2</sup>-hybrid-sp<sup>2</sup>.
hibrid orbital dibentuk dengan cara hibridisasi dari satu atom 2s orbital dan
dua atom 2p orbital. Satu atom 2p orbital dari atom karbon tidak ikut dalam
hibridisasi tersebut. Tiga Sp<sup>2</sup> orbital membentuk tiga <b>ikatan
sigma</b> (σ), sambil 2p orbital membentuk ikatan kedua, disebut <b>ikatan pi</b>(π).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Atom
karbon dengan tiga s<i>p</i><sup>2</sup> hibrid orbital membentuk ikatan-ikatan
dengan tiga atom lainnya disebut “karbon trigonal”. Ikatan-ikatan sigma dari
karbon trigonal yang terletak pada satu bidang disebut bidang ikatan sigma
dengan sudut ikatan kira-kira 120<sup>o</sup>. Sudut ikatan-ikatan ini memungkinkan
ketiga gugusan mengikat karbon trigonal dalam jarak maksimum dari masing-masing
ikatan.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
molekul kelompok alkena, putaran pada ikatan ganda terbatas. Karena itu,
kemungkinan terjadinya isomer <i>cis-trans </i>pada beberapa alkena yang
bersubstitusi swangat besar. Sebagai contoh, ada enam senyawa dengan rumus
molekul C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>8</sub> yang mungkin dapat dipisahkan. Dua
diantaranya, yaitu <i>2-butena</i>, merupakan isomer <i>cis-trans </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang pada suhu kamar berwujud gas dengan titik
didih masing-masing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 C dan 4 C. Satu
isomer mempunyai kedua hidrogennya pada sisi yang sama dari ikatan ganda dan
disebut <i>cis-2-butena</i>, sedangkan isomer lainnya dinamakan <i>trans-2-butena</i>,
mempunyai gugus metil pada sisi yang berlawanan. Hal in I dapat dilihat dengan
jelas pada Gambar 3.2.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #7f7f7f;"></span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Gambar. 3.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dua <i>isomer cis- </i>dan <i>trans-2</i>-butena</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak semua ikatan ganda menghasilkan
keisomeran geometri. Hanya molekul-molekul yang pada setiap atom karbon yang
terlihat ikatan ganda mengikat dua gugus berbeda, dapat berada sebagai isomer <i>cis-
</i>dan <i>trans-</i>. Tetapi jika kedua atom karbon tak jenuhnya tidak
mengikat lagi hidrogen, maka system sis dan trans tidak dapat digunakan.
Sebagai gantinya digunakan sistem Z (Zusammen) dan E (Engegent), bila gugus
berprioritas utama berada pada sisi yang sama, maka disebut Z dan jika
berseberangan disebut E (cara penentuan prioritas dibahas pada bab
selanjutnya). Hal ini jelas terlihat pada senyawa dengan struktur yang
dipaparkan dalam Gambar 3.3</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Gambar 3.3. Senyawa dengan Isomer Geometri</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyak senyawa yang mempunyai lebih dari
satu ikatan ganda dua sehingga dapat membentuk isomer geometri. Jumlah maksimum
isomer yang mungkin adalah sama dengan <i>2 </i>, dimana <i>n </i>merupakan
banyaknya ikatan ganda dua dengan subtituen yang berbeda pada masing-masing
ujungnya. Sebagai contoh untuk kasus ini dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3.4</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Gambar 3.4 Isomer Geometri Pada Senyawa dengan Dua Ikatan Ganda Dua</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tatanama Alkena </span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penamaan alkena berdasarkan aturan IUPAC
menyerupai tatacara penamaan untuk alkana, dengan beberapa tambahan sesuai
posisi dan lokasi ikatan ganda dua yang terdapat dalam struktur senyawa yang
dimaksud.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aturan tersebut
adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikatan ganda
dua diberi akhiran –ena untuk satu ikatan ganda, -diena, -<i>triena</i>, dan <i>tetraena</i>,
untuk senyawa dengan dua, tiga, dan empat ikatan ganda dua.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikatan ganda
harus masuk dalam rantai karbon yang bernomor, dimana atom-atom karbon yang
mempunyai ikatan ganda, diberikan nomor yang paling rendah.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nomor untuk
atom karbon yang menyatakan ikatan ganda dituliskan di depan nama senyawa.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Marilah kita memperhatikan penerapan
aturan-aturan ini pada contoh-contoh dibawah ini:</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alkana<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Alkena<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H3C – CH3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>H2C
= CH2<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>etana<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>etena<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CH3CH2CH3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>CH2
= CHCH3<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Propana<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Propena<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Untuk senyawa dengan empat atom karbon diperlukan penomoran lokasi ikatan
ganda, dan nomor yang digunakan adalah nomor terkecil dari dua karbon yang
terlibat dalam ikatan ganda tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">Gambar 3.1.Jika terikat pada tiga atom lainnya seperti etilena CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub>
karbon mencampur atom orbitalnya membentuk tiga S<i>p<sup>2</sup></i>- hibrid
orbital yang membentuk ikatan sigma dengan tiga atom yang terikat. Satu 2p
orbital hanya tinggal satu elektron.</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">C. Sifat –sifat Alkena</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">a. Sifat Fisik</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seperti
telah dijelaskan dalam pendahuluan bahwa ikatan ganda dua terbentuk oleh ikatan
sigma dari orbital <i>sp</i>2 dan ikatan <i>p</i> dari orbital-orbital <i>p</i>
yang tersisa. Akibatnya setiap atom karbon dapat berikatan dengan tiga atom
lain, bukan empat seperti pada alkana. Selain itu, kedua karbon dan atom-atom
hidrogen yang melekat kepadanya terletak pada bidang datar dengan sudut ikatan
± 120<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, sehingga gaya tolak menolak
antar elektron ikatan menjadi minimum. Bangun strukturnya dinamakan tirgonal
planar.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotasi di
sekitar ikatan ganda dua sangat terbatas, karena adanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ikatan ganda dua itu sendiri yang sifatnya
kaku. Hal ini yang membedakan dengan rotasi bebas yang terjadi di sekitar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ikatan tunggal pada alkana. Disamping itu,
panjang ikatan ganda dua lebih pendek jika dibandingkan dengan ikatan tunggal.
Dalam table .1 dipaparkan perbandingan antara ikatan tunggal dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ganda dua. Tabel 3.1 Perbandingan Ikatan
Tunggal C-C dengan Ikatan Ganda Dua</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 3.1. Perbandingan Ikatan Tunggal C-C dengan
Ikatan Ganda </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dua C=C</span></b></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 18pt; width: 522px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 48.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">No,</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.2pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kriteria</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikatan C-C</span></b></div>
</td>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikatan C=C</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jumlah
atom yang terikat pada karbon</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.2pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bangun
molekul</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tetrahedral</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Trigonal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotasi di
sekitar ikatan tunggal/ ganda</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bebas</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.45pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terbatas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.</span></div>
</td>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Geometri</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Banyak</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Planar
kemungkinan lebih mungkin bersilang</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">5.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.2pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sudut
ikatan,</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">109,5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.45pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">120</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 43.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 43.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.45pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">6.</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 133.2pt;" valign="top" width="178"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Panjang
ikatan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 72.15pt;" valign="top" width="96"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1,54</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 43.65pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153.45pt;" valign="top" width="205"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1,34</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sifat-sifat
fisika hidrokarbon tak jenuh dengan ikatan ganda dua (alkena) pada umumnya
serupa dengan hidrokarbon jenuh (alkana). Alkena mempunyai berat jenis yang
lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan berat jenis air, sedangkan kelarutannya di
dalam air juga kecil. Alkena dengan satu sampai empat atom karbon ditemukan
dalam bentuk gas tak berwarna sedangkan untuk rantai yang lebih panjang, yakni
lima atom karbon atau lebih (deret homolognya yang lebih tinggi) terdapat dalam
wujud cairan yang mudah menguap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">1. </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Titik Didih</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Masing-masing alkena memiliki titik didih yang sedikit lebih rendah
dibanding titik didih alkana yang sama jumlah atom karbonnya. Etena, propena
dan butena berwujud gas pada suhu kamar, selainnya adalah cairan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">C<sub>1</sub> sampai C<sub>4</sub> pada suhu kamar berbentuk gas</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">C<sub>5</sub> ke atas pada suhu kamar berbentuk cair</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Satu-satunya gaya tarik yang terlibat dalam ikatan alkena adalah
gaya dispersi Van der Waals, dan gaya-gaya ini tergantung pada bentuk molekul dan
jumlah elektron yang dikandungnya. Gaya Van der Waals adalah gaya antar molekul
pada senyawa kovelen. Untuk gaya Van der Waals pada alkena yang bersifat
non-polar disebut gala London (dipil sesaat). Makin besar Mr senyawa alkena,
gaya Van del Waals makin kuat, sehingga titik didih (T<sub>D</sub>) makin
tinggi. Masing-masing alkena memiliki 2 lebih sedikit elektron dibanding alkana
yang sama jumlah atom karbonnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 3.2. Beberapa Alkena dan Titik Didihnya</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 23.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rumus</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.05pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nama</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Td (<sup>o</sup>C)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 132.1pt;" valign="top" width="176"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 130.05pt;" valign="top" width="173"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Etena (etilena)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Propana (Propilena)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1-Butena</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">cis</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-2-Butena</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">trans</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-2-Butena</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metilpropena</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1-pentena</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-104</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-47</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-6</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">0,9</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">-7</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">30</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt 36.0pt 108.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">2. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelarutan</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Alkena
hampir tidak dapat larut dalam air, tapi larut dalam pelarut-pelarut organik,
seperti lemak dan minyak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">b.
Sifat Kimia Alkena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333;">1. Dengan jumlah C yang sama
, alkena lebih reaktif dibanding dengan alkana.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="color: #333333;">2. Reaksi adisi, mengubah
ikatan rangkap menjadi ikatan tunggal dengan menambah atom lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black;">Reaksi adisi
merupakan reaksi yang umum terjadi pada alkena melalui pemutusan ikatan ganda
dua. Dalam reaksi berikut, gugus Br dari pereaksi (Br<sub>2</sub>)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub>+<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #c0504d;">Br – Br</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">→</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>C<span style="color: #c0504d;">Br</span> – CH<sub>2</sub><span style="color: #c0504d;">Br</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Etena<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span>1,2-dibromoetana</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">akan melekat pada salah
satu atom karbon yang terlibat ikatan ganda dua, sedangkan substituen Br
lainnya akan terikat pada atom karbon pasangannya. Dalam reaksi adisi
ini,.terjadinya pemutusan ikatan ganda karbon-karbon disebabkan oleh pecahnya
ikatan <i>p </i>yang terlibat dalam ikatan ganda tersebut sedangkan ikatan sama
tetap. Hal ini disebabkan karena kekuatan ikatan <i>p </i>tersebut relatif
lebih lemah dibandingkan dengan ikatan sigma. Sebaliknya, ikatan sigma dari
pereaksi (molekul brom) terpecah menjadi atom-atom Br. dan pengikatan
substituen yang dihasilkan ke atom karbon berlangsung melalui ikatan sigma
baru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">1
Adisi Halogen</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adisi alkena dengan halogen dapat dengan
mudah dilakukan. Halogen biasanya dilarutkan dalam pelarut lembam (inert),
yaitu pelarut yang tidak dapat bereaksi dengan zat yang dilarutkan, seperti
karbon tetraklorida (CCl<sub>4</sub>) atau kloroform (CHCl<sub>3</sub>),
larutan selanjutnya diteteskan ke dalam alkena yang akan diadisi. Reaksi ini
berlangsung secara spontan pada suhu kamar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adisi brom biasa digunakan sebagai reaksi uji
kualitatif atas ketakjenuhan senyawa-senyawa organik melalui perubahan warna
sebagai indicator. Larutan Br<sub>2</sub> dalam CCl<sub>4</sub> berwarna
merah-coklat sedangkan senyawa tak jenuh hasil reaksi adisi tidak berwarna.
Dengan demikian jika senyawa tak jenuh diadisi dengan brom maka perubahan warna
yang dapat diamati adalah merah-coklat pereaksi menjadi tak berwarna.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">2
Adisi Hidrogen</span></i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adisi hidrogen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada alkena disebut “hidrogenasi”, dan untuk
maksud tersebut dibutuhkan katalisator, biasanya Pt, Ni, atau Pd. Katalis logam
menyerap gas H2 pada permukaan dan mengaktifkan ikatan H-H. Salah satu contoh </span><span lang="EN-US">reaksi hidrogenasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: black;">dengan
katalis pada senyawa berikatan ganda dua secara komersial adalah dalam mengubah
minyak nabati menjadi margarin atau lemak lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Adisi Air</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><sub><span style="color: #00b050;">Katalis</span></sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ <span style="color: #365f91;">H<sub>2</sub></span><sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub><span style="color: #00b050;">→</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>C – C - </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Reaksi
adisi air, yang dikenal dengan “hidrasi”, pada alkena juga memerlukan katalis.
Katalisator yang digunakan pada reaksi adisi air biasanya katalis asam</span><span lang="EN-US">. Air,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: blue;"> </span><span style="color: black;">sebagai H-O-H
beradisi pada molekul alkena menghasilkan alcohol. Reaksi ini digunakan untuk
mensintesis alcohol dalam laboratorium atau secara komersial.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Adisi Asam</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; tab-stops: -4.5pt 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><sub><span style="color: red;">H</span></sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: red;">→ </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H – C – C – OH </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>etena<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>etanol</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Pada reaksi
adisi asam (HA), ion H<sup>+</sup> beradisi pada atom karbon yang terlibat
ikatan ganda dua dari alkena, sedangkan sisa asam, A-beradisi pada atom karbon
pasangannya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>H<sup>+</sup>
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A<sup>-</sup></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│ <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ H – A<sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">→</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C –
C - </span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>│<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>│</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>/<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>+ <span style="color: #7030a0;">H</span>-<span style="color: #7030a0;">Cl<sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></sub></span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #e36c0a;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span style="color: #e36c0a;">→</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub><span style="color: #7030a0;">Cl</span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>/<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>\<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>etena<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>kloroetana</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berkaitan dengan reaksi adisi alkena,
maka baik pereaksi maupun alkenanya sendiri dikelompokkan dalam kedudukan
“simetrik” dan “tak simetrik”. Pengertian tentang kesimetrikan ini akan lebih
jelas jika kita memperhatikan uraian-uraian dalam Tabel 3.3</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Dalam reaksi
adisi, jika alkena dan/atau pereaksi yang digunakan bersifat simetrik, maka
akan diperoleh satu hasil reaksi saja. Akan tetapi jika pereaksi dan alkena,
keduanya tak simetrik, maka umumnya diperoleh dua macam hasil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Contoh: adisi air
berkatalis asam memberikan dua kemungkinan hasil, sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berikut:</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Atom
hidrogen dari air dapat beradisi pada atom C<sub>1</sub> sedangkan OH pada atom
C<sub>2</sub> pada molekul 1-propena, atau sebaliknya. Hasil penelitian,
ternyata hanya memberikan hasil reaksi 2-propanol saja.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tabel 3.3 Penggolongan Senyawa Berdasarkan
Kesimetrikan Dalam Reaksi Adisi</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Bertolak dari
telaah reaksi-reaksi adisi. Vladimir Markovnikov merumuskan bahwa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">jika pereaksi tak simetris beradisi pada
alkena tak simetris, maka bagian elektropositif dari pereaksi beradisi pada
atom karbon dari ikatan ganda dua yang mengandung atom hidrongen terbanyak.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam adisi HCl pada propilena, reaksi
di awali dengan adisi proton dengan dua kemungkinan hasil reaksi, yaitu (1)
Pembentukan kation iso- (ii) dan/atau kation n-propil. Selanjutnya dalam
penggabungannya dengan ion Cl-, kation iso-propil menghasilkan 2-kloropropana
(CH<sub>3</sub>CHClCH<sub>3</sub>) sedangkan kation n-propil menghasilkan
1-kloropropana (CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>Cl). Hasil penelitian
menujukkan bahwa hanya 2- kloropropana saja yang diperoleh dari reaksi adisi
tersebut, berarti bahwa proton hanya beradisi ke atom C<sub>1</sub> saja.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum Markonikov. Jika reagen yang
tidak simetris ditambahkan kesuatu alkena yang tidak simetris, bagian positif
reagen tersebut (H<sup>+</sup> dalam HX) akan terikat pada ikatan rangkap
karbon yang telah mengikat hidrongen lebih banyak.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum Markonikov memungkinkan kita
menentukan produk apa yang dominan dalam reaksi addisi yang tidak simetris</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alasan Hukum Markonikov</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum
Markonikov dapat digunakan untuk memperlihatkan produk yang mungkin terjadi
pada reaksi addisi alkena, karena relatif stabilnya karbokasi intermediat. Pada
reaksi addisi alkena, tiga langkah karbokasi mungkin terjadi :</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Satu gugusan R terikat pada karbon bermuatan positif</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dua gugusan R terikat pada karbon bermuatan positif</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tiga gugusan R terikat pada karbon bermuatan positif</span></div>
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<i><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tiga Bentuk Terpenting Karbokasi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari hasil pengamatan bermacam-macam reaksi, para ahli kimia
menyimpulkan bahwa karbokasi ketiga lebih stabil dari karbokasi kedua dan
karbokasi kedua lebih stabil dari karbokasi pertama</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Relatif stabilnya karbokasi mungkin disebabkan oleh
kesanggupan polarisasi gugusan alkil yang lebih besar dari pada atom
hidrogen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika dibandingkan dengan atom
hidrogen, gugusan alkil mengandung lebih banyak elektron yang dapat mendorong
atom ke arah bermuatan positif. Oleh sebab itu jumlah atom yang lebih banyak
merupakan bagian yang menentukan muatan positif. Penarikan elktron ke muatan
positif melalui ikatan sigma dalam suatu molekul atau ion disebut <b>efek
induksi</b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Muatan yang tersebar pada sejumlah atom disebut <b>delokalisasi</b>.
Ion yang muatannya tersebar lebih stabil dibandingkan ion yang tidak tersebar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam reaksi adisi, <b>karbokasi yang lebih stabil</b> tidak
membentuk hasil antara, karena lebih sedikit energi yang dibutuhkan untuk
menghasilkannya. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">D</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.
Beberapa Reaksi Khas Alkena</span></b></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hidroborasi
Alkena</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reaksi hidroborasi alkena adalah reaksi
alkena dengan senyawa hidroboran (BH<sub>3</sub>) yang sangat bermanfaat dalam
hal sintesis. Reaksi ini melibatkan adisi ikatan hidrongen boron pada senyawa
BH<sub>3</sub> terhadap molekul alkena. Polarisasi pada ikatan H-B dengan
hidrongen sebagai boron sebagai +. Pada proses reaksi adisi boron berlangsung
pada atom karbon yang substitusinya paling sedikit.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">R- CH = CH<sub>2</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">H- BH<sub>2</sub></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>R-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH-<span style="color: #00b0f0;">BH<sub>2</sub></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Oksidasi
Alkena Dengan Permanganat</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alkena lebih mudah dioksidasi oleh
pereaksi yang bersifat oksidator melalui proses penyerapan electron p pada
ikatan ganda dua. Ion permanganat yang berwarna unggu, Setelah reaksi
berlangsung akan berubah menjadi endapan coklat MnO<sub>2</sub>. Perubahan
warna yang terjadi dalam reaksi ini sering digunakan untuk membedakan alkena
dari senyawa-senyawa kelompok alkana dalam sample hidrokarbon seperti minyak
bumi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Reaksi tanpa pemaksapisahan akan membentuk diol atau epoksi</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Contoh: H<sub>2</sub>C=CH-CH<sub>3 </sub>+<span style="color: #00b0f0;">[O]<sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></sub></span>H<sub>2</sub>COH-HCOH-CH<sub>3</sub> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<sub>2</sub>C-CH-CH<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">b. Reaksi pemaksapisahan akan membentuk
aldehid (jika oksidator lemah), keton dan asam karbosilat (jika oksidator
kuat). </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Contoh: H<sub>2</sub>C=CH-CH<sub>3</sub> + <span style="color: red;">[O]</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>H<sub>2</sub>C=O + O=CH-CH<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ozonolisis
Alkena</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alkena dapat bereaksi ozon (O<sub>3</sub>)
membentuk ozorida, yang dengan bantuan suatu reduktor (biasanya Zn dalam asam)
akan menghasilkan senyawa karbonil berupa aldehida atau keton. Ozorida
terbentuk dalam dua tahap, yaitu adisi ozon pada ikatan ganda dua menghasilkan
senyawa antara yang kemudian mengadakan penataan ulang membentuk ozorida</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black;">Reaksi dengan
ozon menyebabkan putusnya ikatan ganda dua pada alkena dan diikuti dengan
pembentukan dua ikatan ganda dan dua karbon-oksigen (karbonil) masing-masing
pada karbon yang berasal dari ikatan ganda dua tersebut. Proses ini digunakan
ozonolis, yang bermanfaat dalam pelacakan posisi ikatan ganda dua pada suatu
senyawa organik.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">4. Reaksi Diena<br />
Alkena yang mempunyai dua ikatan rangkap akan memiliki tiga bentuk, tergantung
pada posisi ikatan – ikatan rangkapnya.<br />
a. Alkena dengan ikatan rangkap terisolasi<br />
CH<sub>3</sub> – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH = CH – CH<sub>2</sub> – CH<sub>2</sub> –
CH = CH – CH<sub>3</sub><br />
b. Alkena dengan ikatan rankap terkonjugasi<br />
CH<sub>3</sub> – CH = CH – CH = CH – CH = CH – CH<sub>3</sub><br />
CH<sub>2</sub> = CH – CH = CH<sub>2</sub><br />
c. Alkena dengan ikatan rangkap terakumulasi<br />
CH<sub>2</sub> = C = C = C = CH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Alkena dengan ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi
akan mengalami reaksi adisi.</span><span lang="EN-US"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<span style="background: #F0DEA0;"></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">E.
SINTESIS SENYAWA ALKENA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US">Dalam sintesis senyawa alkena dapat dilakukan dengan:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Dehidrohalogenasi alkil halide</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Alkil halide. Jika
alkil halide direaksikan dengan KOH atau NaOH, maka akan mengalami
dehidrohalogenasi menjadi alkena. Urutan kecepatan reaksi dehidrohalogenasi
alkil halide adalah sebagai berikut:<br />
Alkil halide tersier > alkil halide sekunder > alkil halide primer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><br />
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksi
Umum:</span></div>
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<span style="background: #00B0F0; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Dehidrasi alkohol</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">a.
Dehidrasi alkohol dengan menggunakan aluminium oksida sebagai katalis</span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Dehidrasi etanol menghasilkan
etena</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Cara ini merupakan sebuah cara yang sederhana untuk
membuat alkena berwujud gas seperti etena. Jika uap etanol dilewatkan di atas
bubuk aluminium oksida yang dipanaskan, maka etanol akan terpecah menghasilkan
etena dan uap air.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Untuk membuat beberapa tabung uji dari etena, anda
bisa menggunakan perlengkapan berikut:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Tidak terlalu sulit untuk membayangkan rangkaian di
atas dalam skala besar dengan mendidihkan beberapa etanol di sebuah labu kimia
dan melewatkan uapnya pada aluminium oksida yang dipanaskan dalam sebuah tabung
panjang.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">b<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> Dehidrasi alkohol menggunakan sebuah katalis asam</span></b></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Katalis asam yang biasa digunakan
adalah asam sulfat pekat atau asam fosfat(V) pekat, H<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub>PO<sub><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">4</span></sub>.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Asam sulfat pekat akan menimbulkan banyak reaksi
sampingan. Katalis ini tidak hanya bersifat asam, tetapi juga merupakan agen
pengoksidasi kuat. Katalis ini mengoksidasi beberapa alkohol menjadi karbon
dioksida dan disaat yang sama tereduksi dengan sendirinya menjadi sulfur
oksida. Kedua gas ini (karbon dioksida dan sulfur oksida) harus dikeluarkan
dari alkena.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Katalis ini juga bereaksi dengan alkohol
menghasilkan banyak karbon. Masih ada beberapa reaksi sampingan lainnya, tapi
tidak akan dibahas disini.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dehidrasi etanol menjadi etena</span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Etanol dipanaskan bersama dengan asam sulfat pekat
berlebih pada suhu 170°C. Gas-gas yang dihasilkan dilewatkan ke dalam larutan
natrium hidroksida untuk menghilangkan karbondioksida dan sulfur dioksida yang
dihasilkan dari reaksi-reaksi sampingan.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Etena terkumpul di atas air.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Asam sulfat pekat merupakan sebuah katalis. Olehnya
itu biasa dituliskan di atas tanda panah bukan di sebelah kanan atau kiri
persamaan reaksi.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">c.</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> <b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Dehidrasi sikloheksanol menjadi
sikloheksena</span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Proses dehidrasi ini merupakan sebuah proses
pemisahan yang umum digunakan untuk mengilustrasikan pembentukan dan pemurnian
sebuah produk cair. Dengan adanya fakta bahwa atom-atom karbon tergabung dalam
sebuah struktur cincin, tidak akan ada perbedaan yang terbentuk bagaimanapun
karakteristik kimia reaksi yang terjadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sikloheksanol dipanaskan dengan asam fosfat(V) pekat
dan sikloheksana cair disaring dan bisa dikumpulkan dan dimurnikan.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US">Asam fosfat(V) cenderung digunakan menggantikan asam
sulfat karena lebih aman dan menghasilkan lebih sedikit reaksi sampingan.</span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Dehalogenasi dihalida</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dehalogenasi Vicinil dihalida</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Vicinal dihalida
adalah suatu alkyl halide yang mempunyai 2 atom halogen yang terikat pada
molekul atom karbon yang berbatasan. Reaksi ini juga merupakan reaksi
bimolekuler (E<sub>2</sub>) antara alkyl halide sekunder dalam basa kuat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 179.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">aceton</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2 </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span><span lang="EN-US"> +<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #76923c;">2NaI</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub>+<span style="color: #76923c;">I<sub>2</sub> </span>+
2<span style="color: #76923c;">Na</span><span style="color: red;">Cl</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Cl</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">Cl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vicinal dihalida</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.
Reduksi alkuna</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Hidrogenasi Alkuna</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hidrogenasi alkuna merupakan reduksi
ikatan phi dan adisi atom terhadapmolekul. Ada 2 kemungkinan adisi atom
tersebut yaitu: adisi sin (cis) dan anti (trans). Jika atom ditambahkan pada
sisi yang sama daro molekul, adisi tersebut disebut dengan adisi sin. Sedangkan
apabila adisi ditambahkan pada sisi yang berlawanan, maka terjadi adisi anti.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Adisi sin:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="color: #00b050;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH<sub>3</sub></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #92d050;">CH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #92d050; font-size: 9pt;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #92d050;">C</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #92d050;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;">CH</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050; font-size: 10pt;">3</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">H<sub>2</sub></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #92d050;">C</span>=<span style="color: #92d050;">C</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">H</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adisi anti trans</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>CH</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">C</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;">CH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">LiC</span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0;">H</span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0;">NH</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><sup><span lang="EN-US"></span></sup></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b050;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>78<sup>o<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup>NH<sub>4</sub>Cl</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: red;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>CH<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">H</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>C=C</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="color: #00b0f0;">H</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: red;">CH<sub>3</sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">F. Kegunaaan Senyawa alkena</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Alkena
dapat diperoleh dari pemanasan atau perengkahan alkana. Senyawa alkena sering
kita gunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contohnya karet dan plastik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black;">Dapat digunakan sebagai obat bius (dicampur dengan
O2), untuk memasakkan buah-buahan dan sintesis zat lain (gas alam, minyak bumi,
etanol)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-38101608478590690572012-06-06T00:16:00.003-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.828-07:00LANTANIDA DAN AKTINIDA<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Laktinida
dan aktinida merupakan unsur transisi blok f yang sifatnya sangat berbeda
dengan unsur transisi blok d. Unsur ini biasanya diletakkan terpisah dalam
tabel periodik unsur, ini dikarenakan keperiodikan strukrur elektronik yang
sangat berbeda dengan yang lain. Laktanida sering disebut sebagai tanah jarang.
Walaupun laktanida sering disebut sebagai tanah jarang namun, kelimpahan unsur
ini sangat banyak di kerak bumi. Laktanida ini biasanya menggunakan simbol Ln.
Karena lantanida memiliki sifat yang sangat mirip dan sukar dipisahkan satu
sama lain, di waktu yang lalu unsur-unsur ini belum banyak dimanfaatkan dalam
riset dasar dan terapan, jadi nama tanah jarang berasal dari fakta ini. Karena
adanya metoda ekstraksi pelarut cair-cair dengan menggunakan tributilfosfin
oksida sejak tahun 1960-an, unsur-unsur lantanoid menjadi mudah didapat dan
mulai banyak dimanfaatkan tidak hanya untuk riset dasar tetapi juga dalam
material seperti dalam paduan logam, katalis, laser dan tabung sinar katode.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Simbol
umum untuk unsur aktinida adalah An. Semua unsur aktinida bersifat radioaktif
dan sangat beracun. Di alam aktinoid yang ada dalam jumlah yang cukup adalah
torium(Th), protaktinium(Pa) dan uranium(U). Unsur-unsur ini diisolasi dari
bijihnya dan digunakan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Logam plutonium(Pu) diproduksi
dalam jumlah besar untuk bahan pembuatan nuklir. Unsur-unsur aktinida memiliki
sifat yang mirip dengan laktanida. Namun pada unsur aktinida ini memiliki
isotop utama untuk mencapai kestabilannya sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk
kimia nuklir.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana mengetahui perbedaan
antara lantanida dan aktinida?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa jenis-jenis unsur dari lantanida
dan aktinida?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa sifat-sifat dari unsur-unsur
lantanida dan aktinida?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa kegunaan dari unsur-unsur
lantanida dan aktinida?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui pengertian dari lantanida
dan aktinida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui jenis-jenis unsur dari
lantanida dan aktinida.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui sifat-sifat dari
unsur-unsur lantanida dan aktinida.</span></div>
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</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui kegunaan dari unsur-unsur
lantanida dan aktinida.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.1.
Pengertian</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Laktinida
dan aktinida merupakan unsur transisi blok f yang sifatnya sangat berbeda
dengan unsur transisi blok d. Unsur ini biasanya diletakkan terpisah dalam
tabel periodik unsur, ini dikarenakan keperiodikan strukrur elektronik yang
sangat berbeda dengan yang lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lantanida </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lantanida
adalah kelompok </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">unsur kimia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang terdiri dari
15 unsur, mulai </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">lantanum</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (La) sampai </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">lutetium</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Lu) pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">tabel periodik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">nomor atom</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 57 sampai 71.
Semua lantanida, kecuali lutetium, adalah unsur blok-f yang berarti bahwa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">elektronnya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> terisi sampai
orbit 4f. Golongan ini diberi nama berdasarkan lantanum. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laktanida sering disebut sebagai
tanah jarang. Walaupun laktanida sering disebut sebagai tanah jarang namun,
kelimpahan unsur ini sangat banyak di kerak bumi. Laktanida ini biasanya
menggunakan simbol Ln. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena lantanida memiliki sifat yang
sangat mirip dan sukar dipisahkan satu sama lain, di waktu yang lalu
unsur-unsur ini belum banyak dimanfaatkan dalam riset dasar dan terapan, jadi
nama tanah jarang berasal dari fakta ini. Karena adanya metoda ekstraksi
pelarut cair-cair dengan menggunakan tributilfosfin oksida sejak tahun 1960-an,
unsur-unsur lantanoid menjadi mudah didapat dan mulai banyak dimanfaatkan tidak
hanya untuk riset dasar tetapi juga dalam material seperti dalam paduan logam,
katalis, laser dan tabung sinar katode. Adapun unsur-unsur dari lantanida yaitu
Lantanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium (Pm),
Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Disprosium (Dy),
Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), dan Iterbium (Yb).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktinida </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Aktinida</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah
kelompok<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">unsur kimia</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">yang mencakup 15 unsur antara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">aktinium</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">lawrensium</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">tabel
periodik</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">, dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">nomor
atom</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">antara 89 sampai dengan 103. Seri ini dinamakan
menurut unsur aktinium. Semua aktinida, kecuali lawrensium merupakan unsur
blok-f. Unsur-unsur kelompok aktinida adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktif" title="Radioaktif"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">radioaktif</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">, dengan hanya aktinium,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">torium</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">, dan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">uranium</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">yang secara alami ditemukan di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit_bumi" title="Kulit bumi"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; text-decoration: none;">kulit
bumi</span></a><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol umum untuk unsur aktinida
adalah An. Semua unsur aktinida bersifat radioaktif dan sangat beracun. Di alam
aktinoid yang ada dalam jumlah yang cukup adalah torium(Th), protaktinium(Pa)
dan uranium(U). Unsur-unsur ini diisolasi dari bijihnya dan digunakan dalam
berbagai aplikasi. Logam plutonium(Pu) diproduksi dalam jumlah besar untuk
bahan pembuatan nuklir. Unsur-unsur aktinida memiliki sifat yang mirip dengan laktanida.
Namun pada unsur aktinida ini memiliki isotop utama untuk mencapai
kestabilannya sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kimia nuklir. Adapun unsur-unsur dari aktinida yaitu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Actinium(Ac), Torium(Th), Protaktinium(Pa), Uranium (U), Neptunium(Np)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Plutonium(Pu), Amerisium (Am), Kurium (Cm),
Berkelium (Bk), Kalifornium(Cf)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Einsteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md), Nobelium(No), dan Lawrensium
(Lr).</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.2. Cara Pembuatan</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skandium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah unsur yang
sangat biasa yang melimpah seperti As dan dua kali kelimpahan Boron. Meskipun
demikian, ia tidak mudah tersedia, sebagian disebabkan oleh langkanya bijih
yang kaya, dan sebagian lainnya karena sulitnya dalam pemisahannya. Ia mungkin
dipisahkan dari Y dan lantanida yang mungkin bergabung dengan mineral Sc dengan
cara penukar –kation yang menggunakan asam oksalat sebagai pengelusi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur lantanida,
termasuk La dan Y, mula-mula dikenal sebagai Unsur Tanah jarang-keberadaannnya
dalam campuran oksida. Mereka sebenarnya bukan unsur-unsur jarang dan juga
kelimpahannya absolutnya relatif tinggi. Jadi, walaupun yang paling langka, Tm
adalah sama umumnya dengan Bi, dan lebih umum daripada As, Cd, Hg atau Se.
Sumber utamanya adalah mineral monazite,
pasir gelap yang berat dengan komposisi beragam. Monazite sesungguhnya adalah
lantanida ortofosfat, tetapi dapat mengandung sampai 30% thorium. La, Ce, Pr
dan Nd biasanya terdapat sebanyak 90% kandungan lantanida suatu mineral dengan
Y dan unsur-unsur yang lebih berat sebagai sisanya. Mineral yang mengandung
lanthanida dalam tingkat oksidasi +3 biasanya sedikit sekali mengandung Eu yang
disebabkan oleh kecenderungannya menghasilkan keadaan +2 dan seringkali
terdapat dalam mineral golongan Ca.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Promethium</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> terdapat hanya
hanya dalam jumlah runutan bijih</span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Uranium</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sebagai fragmen
Fisi spontan dari <sup>238</sup>U. Garam <sup>147</sup>Pm<sup>3+</sup> merah
jambu dalam jumlah miligram, dapat diisolasi dengan metode penukar-ion dari
produk fisi dalam simpanan bahan bakar reaktor nuklir di mana <sup>147</sup>Pm
(<i>β</i>-, 2,64 tahun) dibentuk. Lantanida dipisahkan dari unsur lain dengan
pengendapan oksalat atau fluorida dari larutan HNO<sub>3</sub>, dan dari satu
sama lain dengan penukar ion dalam resin.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerium dan Europium
biasanya dipisahkan pertama kali. Cerium dioksidasi menjadi Ce (IV) dan
kemudian diendapkan dari HNO<sub>3</sub> 6M sebagai ceric iodat atau
dipisahkan dengan ekstraksi pelarut. Europium direduksi menjadi Eu<sup>2+</sup> dan
dipisahkan dengan pengendapan sebagai EuSO<sub>4</sub>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perilaku penukar ion
pertama-pertama tergantung kepada jari-jari ion terhidrasi. Seperti dengan
alkali, ion terkecil secara kristalografi yaitu Lu memiliki jari-jari
terhidrasi terbesar, sedangkan La memiliki jari-jari terhidrasi terkecil.
Dengan demikian, La adalah yang paling kuat terikat dan Lu yang paling lemah
ikatannya. Dan urutan elusinya adalah Lu menuju La. Kecenderungan ini
dipertegas oleh penggunaan zat pengompleks pada pH yang tepat; ion dengan
jari-jari terkecil juga membentuk komplek terkuat , dan dengan demikian ,
pilihan terhadap fase akua bertambah. Ligan pengompleks yang khas adalah
α-hidroksiisobutirat, (CH<sub>32</sub><CH(OH)COOH,EDTAH<sup>4</sup> dan
asam-asam hidrokso dan amino karboksilat lainnya. Dari eluat, ion-ion M<sup>3+</sup> diperoleh
kembali dengan pengasaman dengan HNO<sub>3</sub> encer dan penambahan ion
oksalat, yang mengendapkan oksalat secara benar-benar kuantitatif. Ini kemudian
dipijarkan menjadi oksidanya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerium (IV) juga Zr(IV),
Th(IV) dan Pu(IV) mudah diekstraksi dari larutan HNO<sub>3</sub> oleh
tributil fosfat yang dilarutkan dalam kerosen atau pelarut inert lainnya dan dapat
dipisahkan dari ion-ion lantanida +3. Nitrat Lantanida +3 juga dapat
diekstraksi dalam kondisi tertentu bertambah dengan bertambahnya nomor atom; ia
lebih tinggi dalam asam kuat dan konsentrasi NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> yang
lebih encer</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi dan
Hidroksida</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksida Sc<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> kurang
basa dibandingkan oksida lainnya dan sangat mirip Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>;
ia sama-sama larut secara amfoter dalam NaOH menghasilkan ion “skandat” [Sc(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3-</sup>.
Oksida unsur lainnya mirip CaO dan menyerap CO<sub>2</sub> dan H<sub>2</sub>O
dari udara membentuk berturut-turut karbonat dan hidroksida. Hidroksida, M(OH)<sub>3</sub>,
benar-benar senyawaan yang kebasaannya menurun dengan naiknya Z, seperti yang
diharapkan dari penurunan jari-jari ion. Mereka diendapkan dari larutan akua
dengan basa sebagai massa gelatin. Mereka tidak amfoter.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halida</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Halida Skandium sekali
lagi juga merupakan perkecualian. Fluoridanya mirip AlF<sub>3</sub>, menjadi
larut dalam HF berlebihan menghasilkan ion ScF<sub>6</sub><sup>3-</sup>; Na<sub>3</sub>ScF<sub>6</sub> adalah
seperti kryolit. Meskipun demikian , ScCl<sub>3</sub> bukanlah katalis
Friedel-Craft seperti AlCl<sub>3</sub> dan tidak berperilaku sebagai asam
lewis; strukturnya seperti FeCl<sub>3</sub>. Fluorida lantanida adalah penting
karena ketidak larutannya. Penambahan HF atau F<sup>-</sup> mengendapkan
MF<sub>3</sub>bahkan dari larutan 3M HNO<sub>3</sub> dan merupakan uji
khas ion lanthanida fluorida dari lantanida yang lebih berat agak larut dalam
HF berlebih yang menyebabkan pembentukan kompleks. Fluorida dapat dilarutkan
kembali dalam HNO<sub>3</sub> 3M jenuh dengan H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub> yang
menghilangkan F<sup>-</sup> sebagai BF<sup>4-</sup>. Kloridanya larut
dalam air, yang mana mereka mengkristal sebagai hidrat. Klorida anhidrat dibuat
paling baik dengan reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> +
6NH<sub>4</sub>Cl ——————› 2MCl<sub>3</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>O + 6NH<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></sub></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ion akuo, Garam okso
dan Kompleks</span></u></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Skandium membentuk suatu
ion heksa-akuo [Sc(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> yang mudah
terhidrolisis. Skandium <i>β</i>-diketon merupakan suatu oktahedral
seperti dengan Al dan tidak seperti lantanida. Bagi lantanida dan yttrium, ion
akuo, [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>, memiliki bilangan
koordinasi melampaui 6 seperti [Nd(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>9</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>.
Ini mudah terhidrolisis dalam air:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> +
H<sub>2</sub>O ———————› [M(OH)(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>n-1</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> +
H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecenderungan
menghidrolisis bertambah dari La ke Lu, yang konsisten dengan penurunan
jari-jari ion. Begitu pula Yttrium terutama Y(OH)<sup>2+</sup> . Bagi Ce<sup>3+</sup>,
meskipun demikian, hanya sekitar 1% ion logam dihidrolisis tanpa membentuk suatu
endapan, dan kesetimbangan utama Nampak sebagai:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3Ce<sup>3+</sup> +
5H<sub>2</sub>O ———————› [Ce<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>5</sub>]<sup>4+</sup> +
5H<sup>+</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam larutan akua,
kompleks fluoride yang agak lemah, MFaq<sup>2+</sup> dibentuk. Anion
kompleks tidak dibentuk, suatu keistimewaan yang membedakannya dari lantanida
+3 sebagai suatu golongan unsure aktinida +3 yang membentuk kompleks anionic
dalam larutan HCl kuat.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kompleks yang paling
stabil dan umum adalah kompleks dengan ligan oksigen pengkhelat. Pembentukan
kompleks yang larut dalam air dengan sitrat dan asam hidrokso lainnya,
dimanfaatkan dalam pemisahan penukar ion seperti disebutkan di atas. Kompleks
biasanya memiliki bilangan koordinasi lebih besar daripada 6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ligan <i>β</i>-diketon
seperti asetilaseton khususnya adalah penting, karena beberapa β-diketon
terfluorinasi memberikan kompleks yang mudah menguap dan cocok untuk pemisahan
kromatografi gas. Pembuatannya bila β-diketon dengan cara kuno menghasilkan
spesies yang terhidrasi atau tersolvasi seperti M(acac)<sub>3</sub>.C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH.3H<sub>2</sub>O,
memiliki bilangan koordinasi 6. Pengeringan yang lama di atas MgClO<sub>4</sub> memberikan
M(β-diketon)3 yang sangat higroskopis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan penting
kompleks Eu dan Pr β-diketon yang larut dalam pelarut organic seperti yang
diturunkan dari 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoro-7,7-dimetil-4,6-oktanedion, adalah
sebagai pereaksi penggeser dalam spektrometri nmr. Kompleks paramagnet
melindungi kembali proton dari molekul yang rumit, dan memperbaiki secara
besar-besaran pemisahan garis resonansi dapat diperoleh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Manfaat lain senyawaan
lantanida bergantung kepada sifat spektroskopinya. Y dan Eu dalam kisi oksida
atau silikat memiliki sifat fluoresensi atau luminisensi, dan fosfornya
digunakan dalam tabung televisi berwarna. Dalam kisi CaF<sub>2</sub>, ion-ion
+2 memperlihatkan keaktifan laser seperti halnya garam Eu (<i>β</i>-dik)<sup>4-</sup></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sifat-sifat dan Kegunaan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Lantanida</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <u>Lantanum (La)</u></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lantanum
adalah logam lembut, lunak, ulet, perak-putih. Lantanum adalah kimia aktif,
salah satu yang paling reaktif dari logam langka bumi, ia mengoksidasi dengan
cepat di udara dan bereaksi dengan air untuk membentuk hidroksida tersebut.
Lantanum mudah terbakar, garam seringkali sangat tidak larut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Lantanum
adalah salah satu bahan kimia langka, yang dapat ditemukan di rumah-rumah dalam
peralatan seperti televisi warna, lampu neon, lampu hemat energi dan kacamata.
Semua bahan kimia jarang memiliki sifat sebanding. La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>digunakan
untuk membuat gelas optik khusus (inframerah adsorbing kaca, kamera dan lensa
teleskop). Jika ditambahkan dalam jumlah kecil itu meningkatkan kelenturan dan
ketahanan baja. Lantanum digunakan sebagai bahan inti dalam elektroda karbon
busur. garam Lantanum termasuk dalam katalis zeolit digunakan dalam penyulingan
minyak bumi karena dapat menstabilkan zeolit pada suhu tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerium (Ce)</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Cerium adalah
logam lunak lembut, ulet, logam besi abu-abu, sedikit lebih keras dari timah,
sangat reaktif, mengoksidasi perlahan dalam air dingin dan cepat dalam air
panas. Larut dalam asam dan dapat terbakar ketika dipanaskan atau tergores
dengan pisau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Logam ini digunakan sebagai inti
untuk elektroda karbon lampu busur, untuk kaos lampu pijar untuk penerangan
gas. Cerium digunakan dalam paduan aluminium dan besi, dalam stainless steel
sebagai agen pengerasan presipitasi, membuat magnet permanen. oksida Cerium
adalah bagian dari katalis konverter katalitik yang digunakan untuk
membersihkan gas buang kendaraan, juga mengkatalisis reduksi oksida nitrogen
(NOx) ke gas nitrogen. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Semua mobil baru sekarang dilengkapi
dengan conveter katalitik yang terdiri dalam substrat keramik atau logam,
lapisan oksida aluminium dan cerium dan lapisan logam terdispersi halus seperti
platinum atau rhodium, yang merupakan permukaan aktif. Sulfida Cerium (Ce<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>)
cenderung untuk menggantikan kadmium dalam pigmen merah untuk kontainer,
mainan, barang-barang rumah tangga dan krat, karena kadmium kini dianggap
lingkungan undesiderable. Kegunaan lain cerium di televisi layar datar, lampu
rendah energi cahaya dan CD magnet-optik, di krom plating. Penggunaan cerium
masih terus berkembang, karena fakta bahwa itu adalah cocok untuk menghasilkan
catalysers dan untuk memoles kaca.<span style="color: black;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praseodymium(Pr)<span style="color: black;"></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Praseodymium adalah logam lunak
lembut, logam keperakan-kuning. Ini adalah anggota kelompok lantanida dari
tabel periodik unsur. Ia bereaksi dengan oksigen perlahan-lahan: ketika terkena
udara membentuk oksida hijau yang tidak melindunginya dari oksidasi lebih
lanjut. Hal ini lebih tahan terhadap korosi di udara logam langka lainnya,
tetapi masih harus disimpan dalam minyak atau dilapisi dengan plastik. Ia
bereaksi cepat dengan air.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Sebuah penggunaan utama dari logam
berada dalam paduan piroforik digunakan dalam batu api rokok ringan. senyawa
Praseodymium memiliki kegunaan yang berbeda: oksida digunakan dalam elektroda
karbon untuk penerangan busur, dan tahu kemampuannya untuk memberikan kaca
warna kuning yang bagus. Kaca ini menyaring radiasi inframerah, sehingga
digunakan dalam kacamata yang melindungi mata tukang las. Garam digunakan untuk
warna enamel dan kaca. Praseodymium dapat digunakan sebagai agen paduan dengan
logam magnesium untuk menciptakan kekuatan tinggi yang digunakan dalam mesin
pesawat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Praseodymium adalah salah satu bahan
kimia langka, yang dapat ditemukan di rumah-rumah dalam peralatan seperti
televisi warna, lampu neon, lampu hemat energi dan kacamata. Semua bahan kimia
jarang memiliki sifat sebanding. Penggunaan praseodymium masih terus
berkembang, karena fakta bahwa itu adalah cocok untuk menghasilkan catalysers
dan untuk memoles kaca.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neodimium(Nd)<span style="color: black;"></span></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neodimium adalah logam
keperak-kuning mengkilap. Hal ini sangat reaktif dan turnishes qickly di udara
dan membentuk dilapisi logam tidak melindungi dari oksidasi lebih lanjut,
sehingga harus disimpan jauh dari kontak dengan udara. Bereaksi lambat dengan
air dingin dan cepat dengan panas. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Neodymium adalah salah satu bahan
kimia langka, yang dapat ditemukan di rumah-rumah dalam peralatan seperti
televisi warna, lampu neon, lampu hemat energi dan kacamata. Semua bahan kimia
jarang memiliki sifat sebanding. Nedymium adalah salah satu dari beberapa logam
paduan yang biasa digunakan dalam batu api ringan. Yang paling penting adalah
neodybium paduan, besi dan boron (NIB), ditemukan untuk membuat magnet permanen
yang sangat baik. Magnet ini merupakan bagian dari komponen kendaraan modern,
digunakan dalam penyimpanan data komputer dan pengeras suara. Neodymium
digunakan dalam pewarnaan gelas (kaca didymium) mampu menyerap sorotan natrium
kuning api. Kaca semacam ini digunakan untuk melindungi mata tukang las. Hal
ini juga digunakan untuk kaca nuansa warna ungu yang menarik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Promethium(Pm)<span style="color: black;"></span></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Promethium adalah logam langka-bumi
yang memancarkan radius beta. Hal ini sangat radoiactive dan langka, sehingga
sedikit dipelajari: kimia dan sifat fisik yang tidak didefinisikan dengan baik.
garam promethium memiliki warna merah muda atau merah yang coluors udara
sekitarnya dengan cahaya biru-hijau pucat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Prometium sebagian besar digunakan
untuk tujuan penelitian. Hal ini dapat digunakan sebagai sumber radiasi beta
pada cat bercahaya, dalam baterai nuklir untuk peluru kendali, jam tangan, alat
pacu jantung dan rados, dan sebagai sumber cahaya untuk sinyal. Ada kemungkinan
bahwa di masa depan akan digunakan sebagai sumber X-ray portabel.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Samarium(Sm)<span style="color: black;"></span></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Samarium adalah logam keperak-putih
milik kelompok lantanida dari tabel periodik. Hal ini relatif stabil pada suhu
ruang di udara kering, tetapi menyatu ketika dipanaskan di atas 150 <sup>o</sup>C
dan membentuk lapisan oksida di udara lembab. Seperti samarium europium
mempunyai keadaan oksidasi yang relatif stabil (II).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Samarium digunakan sebagai katalis
dalam reaksi organik tertentu: iodida samarium (SmI<sub>2</sub>) digunakan oleh
ahli kimia penelitian organik untuk membuat versi sintetis produk alami.
Oksida, Samaria, digunakan untuk membuat kaca menyerap khusus inframerah dan
inti dari elektroda karbon busur-lampu dan sebagai katalis untuk dehidrasi dan
dehidrogenasi etanol. Its senyawa dengan kobalt (SmCo<sub>5</sub>) digunakan
dalam pembuatan bahan magnet permanen baru.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Europium(Eu)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Europium
merupakan logam lunak keperakan, keduanya dan mahal. Ini adalah yang paling
reaktif dari kelompok lantanida: itu tarnishes cepat di udara pada suhu kamar,
luka bakar di sekitar 150 <sup>o</sup>C hingga 180 <sup>o</sup>C dan bereaksi
readly dengan air. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Europium
adalah adsorber neutron,, sehingga digunakan dalam batang kendali reaktor
nuklir. Europium fosfor digunakan dalam tabung televisi untuk memberikan warna
merah cerah dan sebagai penggerak untuk fosfor itrium berbasis. Untuk kuat
penerangan jalan yang sedikit europium ditambahkan ke lampu uap merkuri untuk
memberikan cahaya lebih alami. Sebuah garam europium dipakai bedak pendar yang
lebih baru dan cat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gadolinium(Gd)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gadolinium
adalah lembut, mengkilap, ulet, logam keperakan milik kelompok lantanida dari
bagan periodik. Logam tidak becek di udara kering tetapi bentuk film oksida di
udara lembab. Gadolinium bereaksi perlahan dengan air dan larut dalam asam.
Gadolinium menjadi superkonduktif bawah 1083 K. Sangat magnet pada suhu kamar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Gadolinium
telah menemukan beberapa digunakan dalam batang kendali untuk reaktor nuklir
dan pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir, melainkan digunakan untuk membuat garnet
untuk aplikasi microwave dan senyawanya digunakan untuk membuat fosfor untuk
tabung TV warna. Metalic gadolinium jarang digunakan sebagai logam itu sendiri,
tapi paduan perusahaan digunakan untuk membuat magnet dan komponen elektronik
seperti rekaman kepala untuk perekam video. Hal ini juga digunakan untuk
pembuatan compact disk dan memori komputer.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbium(Tb)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terbium
adalah lembut, lunak, ulet, perak abu-abu logam anggota kelompok lantanida dari
tabel periodik. Hal ini cukup stabil di udara, tetapi perlahan-lahan dioksidasi
dan bereaksi dengan air dingin.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Terbium
jarang dan mahal, sehingga memiliki sedikit penggunaan komersial. Beberapa
menggunakan minor di laser, peralatan semikonduktor, dan fosfor dalam tabung
televisi berwarna. Hal ini juga digunakan dalam perangkat solid-state, sebagai
stabilisator sel bahan bakar yang beroperasi pada suhu tinggi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disprosium(Dy)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Disprosium
adalah, berkilau sangat lembut, logam keperakan. Hal ini stabil di udara pada
suhu kamar bahkan jika itu secara perlahan oxydized oleh oksigen. Bereaksi
dengan air dingin dan cepat larut dalam asam. Ia membentuk beberapa garam berwarna
cerah. karakteristik Disprosium bisa menjadi sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan
kotoran.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Disprosium digunakan dalam reaktor
nuklir sebagai keramik logam, material komposit yang terbuat dari keramik dan
logam disinter, untuk membuat bahan laser, batang kendali reaktor nuklir,
sebagai sumber radiasi inframerah untuk mempelajari reaksi kimia. Lain
digunakan dalam bidang radioaktivitas adalah dosimeter untuk pemantauan paparan
radiasi pengion.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Holmium(Ho)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Holmium
adalah, melleable lembut, logam berkilau dengan warna perak, milik seri
lantanides dari tabel periodik unsur. Hal ini perlahan diserang oleh oksigen
dan air dan larut dalam asam. Hal ini stabil di udara kering pada suhu kamar.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Paduan
holmium digunakan sebagai konsentrator fluks magnetik untuk menciptakan medan
magnet terkuat yang dihasilkan secara artifisial. Hal ini juga digunakan dalam
reaktor nuklir untuk batang kendali nuklir. Holmium oksida digunakan sebagai
pewarna gas kuning.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Erbium(Er)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Erbium
adalah lembut, lunak, berkilau, logam keperakan. Hal ini sangat stabil di
udara, bereaksi sangat lambat dengan oksigen dan air dan larut dalam asam.
garam nya adalah berwarna merah dan memiliki spektrum adsorpsi tajam dalam
cahaya tampak, ultraviolet dan inframerah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Beberapa
erbium ditambahkan ke paduan dengan logam vanadium tersebut karena menurunkan
kekerasan mereka, membuat mereka lebih bisa diterapkan. Karena adsorpsinya
cahaya inframerah, erbium ditambahkan di kaca kacamata pengaman khusus bagi
pekerja, seperti tukang las dan-kaca blower. Hal ini digunakan sebagai filter
fotografi juga, dan untuk serat optik ganja secara berkala untuk memperkuat
sinyal. Akhirnya, karena warna pink nya, erbium kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai
enamel kaca dan porselen Glaze pewarna.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Iterbium(Yb)</span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Iterbium
adalah elemen lembut, mudah dibentuk dan agak ulet yang menunjukkan yang kilau
keperakan cerah. Sebuah tanah jarang, unsur ini mudah diserang dan dilarutkan
oleh asam mineral, perlahan bereaksi dengan air, dan mengoksidasi di udara.
oksida Bentuk lapisan pelindung di permukaan. Senyawa Iterbium jarang terjadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Iterbium
kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan itrium atau unsur-unsur terkait lainnya dan
digunakan dalam baja tertentu. Logam tersebut dapat digunakan untuk membantu
meningkatkan penyempurnaan butir, kekuatan, dan sifat mekanis lainnya dari baja
stainless. Beberapa paduan Iterbium telah digunakan dalam kedokteran gigi. Satu
isotop Iterbium telah digunakan sebagai pengganti sumber radiasi untuk mesin
X-ray portabel ketika listrik tidak tersedia. Seperti unsur jarang-bumi
lainnya, dapat digunakan untuk fosfor obat bius, atau untuk kapasitor keramik
dan perangkat elektronik lainnya, dan bahkan dapat bertindak sebagai katalis
industri.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktinida </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Actinium(Ac)</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Fisika</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Densitas : -</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik leleh : 1323,2 K</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Titik didih : 2743 K</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk (25°C) : padat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Warna : putih perak</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Atomik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 85.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nomor atom : 89</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nomor massa : 227,03</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Konfigurasi elektron : [Rn] 6d1 7s2</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume atom : -</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Afinitas elektron : -</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Keelektronegatifitasan : 1,1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Energi ionisasi : - pertama : 499
kJ/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- kedua : 1170 kJ/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilangan oksidasi utama : +3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bilangan oksidai lainnya : -</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur Kristal : Face Centered
Cubic Unit Cell</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat Kimia</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan oksigen</span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 235px; margin-top: 32px; position: absolute; width: 38px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="38" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aktinium mudah terbakar membentuk aktinium (III) oksida<br />
4Ac(s) + 3O2(g) 2Ac2O3(s)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Actinium
digunakan sebagai tenaga listrik panas dan sumber nuklir.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Torium(Th)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Torium murni merupakan logam putih
seperti perak yang stabil di udara dan kilapnya dapat bertahan beberapa bulan.
Ketika bereaksi dengan oksida, torium pelan-pelan memudarkan di udara menjadi
keabu-abuan yang akhirnya menjadi hitam. Torium oksida mempunyai titik-lebur
dari 33000C, paling tinggi dari semua oksida. Torium sukar bereaksi dengan air,
dan sukar terurai dalam asam, kecuali asam klorida. Ketika dipanaskan di udara,
bubuk torium menyala dan terbakar dengan nyala putih.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari
: 180 ppm<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondukti
vitas termal : 54 Wm-1 K-1<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ΔHfo
: 602 J/mol; ΔGfo : 561 J/mol; ΔS : 90,2 J/mol<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Senyawa ini
mempunyai kegunaa yaitu :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan
“mantel Welsbach”, untuk lampu gas jinjing. Mantel ini terdiri torium oksida
(ThO<sub>2</sub>) dengan 1% serium oksida dan bahan lain yang bercahaya dengan
cahaya yang menyilaukan ketika terjadi panas pada nyala gas.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Campuran
logam magnesium, memberikan hambatan tinggi dan ketahanan terhadap tempetatur
tinggi.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pelindung
kawat tungsten yang digunakan pada peralatan elektronik sebab mempunyai suatu
fungsi kerja yang rendah dan pancaran electron yang tinggi.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksida
torium digunakan untuk kendali ukuran butir tungsten pada lampu listrik<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kacamata
yang mengandung oksida torium mempunyai suatu indeks refraksi tinggi dan
difraksi rendah yang kemudian digunakan untuk lensa kamera mutu tinggi dan
instrumen yang ilmiah<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksida
torium merupakan katalisator untuk konversi amoniak ke asam nitrat, pembuat
asam sulfat.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber
energi nuklir. Meskipun tidak cenderung membelah sendiri, torium-232 akan
menyerap inti menghasilkan torium-233 yang meluruh menjadi Pa-233 dan U-233.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black;"></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Protaktinium(Pa)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Protactinium
secara luas ditemukan di sejumlah kecil di kulit luar bumi. Protactinium
merupakan salah satu unsure paling mahal dan paling jarang terjadi secara
alami. Protactinium terdapat di bijih uranium pada konsentrasi 1-3 ppm.
Protactinium mempunyai kilat metalik terang yang tahan beberapa waktu di udara.
Protactinium merupakan unsure superconduktiv sekitar 1.4 K. Protaktium terdapat
di minyak merupakan material beracun berbahaya dan memerlukan tindakan
penanganan yang serupa digunakan ketika menangani plutonium. Protaktinium
secara umum memberikan resiko terhadap kesehatan jika masuk kedalam badan, walaupun
ada resiko eksternal kecil berhubungan dengan sinar gamma yang dipancarkan oleh
protactinium-231 dan sejumlah hasil luruhan yang berumur pendek dari
actinium-227.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jari-jari
:180 ppm</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kondukti
vitas Termal : 47Wm-1 K-1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ΔHfo
: 607 J/mol; ΔGfo : 563 J/mol; ΔS : 198,1 J/mol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak ada
penggunaan komersial atau industry dari protactinium berkaitan dengan
kelangkaannya, biaya, dan radiotoksisitasnya. Penggunaan hanya sebatas untuk
aktivitas riset ilmiah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><u><span lang="EN-US"> </span></u></b></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Uranium (Ur)</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Uranium adalah unsur yang terjadi
secara alami yang dapat ditemukan di dalam semua batu karang, tanah, dan air.
Uranium memiliki bilangan tertinggi yang ditemukan secara alami dalam jumlah
yang banyak di atas bumi dan selalu ditemukan berikatan dengan unsure yang
lain. Uranium secara alami yang di bentuk dari ledakan supernova. Uranium
member warna fluorescence hijau dan kuning ketika ditambahkan ke gelas bersama
dengan zat adiktif yang lain. Logam uranium bereaksi dengan hamper semua unsure
non logam dan senyawanya dengan peningkatan kereaktifan seiring peningkatan
temperatur. Uranium dapat bereaksi dengan air dingin. Di udara logam uranium
menjadi terlapis dengan lapisan gelap uranium oksida. Bijih uranium dapat di
reaksikan secara kimiawi dan diubah menjadi uranium dioksida atau senyawa lain
yang berguna di industry.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Resiko kesehatan terbesar dari
masukan yang besar uranium dalam tubuh adalah kerusakan pada ginjal karena
uranium adalah unsure radioaktif yang bersifat toksik. Tidak ditemukan kangker
sebagai hasil penelitian uranium, tetapi penelitian dari hasil luruhannya,
terutama radon/radium, menjadi ancaman kesehatan yang penting.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jari-jari :175 ppm</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kondukti vitas Termal :
27,5Wm-1 K-1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">ΔHfo : 533 J/mol; ΔGfo : 488
J/mol; ΔS : 199,8 J/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">gambar : struktur Kristal
Uranium</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Struktur Kristal dari uranium :
ortorombik.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Neptunium(Np)</span></u></b><u><span lang="EN-US"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Neptunium tidak terjadi secara
alami tetapi disintesis dengan reaksi tangkapan neutron pada uranium. Neptunium
secara khas terjadi di lingkungan sebagai suatu oksida, walaupun senyawa lain
mungkin ada. Neptunium lebih reaktif disbanding unsure-unsur yang transuranik
lain seperti plutonium, amerisium, dan kurium. Neptunium secara lebih bertahan
pada partikel berpasir sekitar 5kali lebih tinggi disbanding pada tanah yang
mengandung air.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Neptunium masuk kedalam badan dengan
makan makanan, air minum, atau menghirup udara. Setelah proses pencernaan atau
hal penghisapan, kebanyakan neptunium dikeluarkan dari badan di dalam beberapa
hari dan tidak pernah masuk sistem darah. Neptunium secara umum memberikan
resiko terhadap kesehatan jika masuk ke dalam badan, walaupun ada resiko
eksternal kecil berhubungan dengan sinar gama yang dipancarkan oleh
neptunium-236 dan neptunium-237 serta sejumlah hasil luruhan yang berumur
pendek dari protactinium-233. Struktur Kristal dari neptunium adalah
ortorombik.</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Jari-jari :175 ppm</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Kondukti vitas Termal : 6,3Wm-1
K-1</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">gambar : struktur Kristal
Neptunium</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.1pt; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Tidak
ada penggunaan komersial utama dari neptunium, walaupun neptunium-237 digunakan
kebagai komponen dalam instrument pendeteksi netron. Neptunium-237 dapat juga
digunakan untuk membuat plutonium-238 (dengan penyerapan suatu netron).
Neptunium bias dipertimbankan untuk digunakan pada senjata nuklir, walaupun
tidak ada Negara yang diketahui menggunakan neptunium untuk membuat bahan
peledak berbahan nuklir.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Plutonium(Pu)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Sebuah logam berat, beracun berwarna putih keperakan dan radioaktif
alami.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Volume molar ; 12.29 cm3
rigidity modulus : 43 Gpa</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Velocity of sound : 2260 m/s
Poissons ration :0.21</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Youngs modulus : 96 GPa
Resivitas elektrik : 150.10-8 Ωm</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Jumlah
plutonium di alam sangat kecil, yaitu 1/1011 bagian, sebagian besar dihasilkan
dalam reactor sebagai hasil samping proses fisal. Besarnya kandungan isotop Pu
dalam bahan bakar bekas tergantung pada derajat bakar dan pengkayaan, yang
dapat dipungut kembali melalui prosae daur ulang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Plutonium
dan beberapa isotopnya memegang peranan penting dalam bidang teknologi nuklir.
Pu digunakan untuk bahan bakar dalam reactor daya dan pembiak, bahan perunut
pada pengeboran sumur minyak, kalibrasi peralatan, bahan pembuatan baterai
nuklir berumur panjang, stasiun cuaca terpencil, rambu navigasi, dan bahan
pembuatan senjata nuklir.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Amerisium (Am)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Amerisium
didefinisikan oleh Glenn Seaborg, Ralph James, L. morgan, Albert Ghiorso di USA
1944. Amerisium dihasilkan oleh reaksi netron oleh isotop Pu dalam reactor
nuklir. Penamaannya diambil dari kata “America”. Persenyawaan unsur ini adalah
:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Florida
: AmF<sub>3</sub>; AmF<sub>4</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klorida
: AmCI<sub>2</sub>; AmCI<sub>4</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bromida
: AmBr<sub>2</sub>; AmBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Iodida
: AmI<sub>2</sub>; AmI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Oksida
: AmO; AmO<sub>2</sub>; Am<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Digunakan </span></b><span lang="EN-US">Sumber ionisasi untuk smoke
detector dan Am-241 sebagai sumber sinar γ.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kurium (Cm)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Kurium ditemukan oleh Glenn Seaborg,
Ralph James, dan Albert Giorso di USA pada tahun 1944, sebagai hasil dari
bombardier ion Helium pada isotop Pu 239. Penamaan dari nama akhir Pierre dan
Marie “Curie”</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Bentuk Kristal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Space group :
P23/mmc (space group number : 194)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Struktur : hcp (hexagonal close-packed)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Persenyawaan</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Florida
: CmF<sub>3</sub>; CmF<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klorida
: CmCI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">
Bromid : CmBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">
Iodida
: CmI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Oksida
: CmO; CmO<sub>2</sub>; Cm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">9. <b><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Berkelium (Bk)</span></u></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Berkelium ditemukan oleh Glenn T.
Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, dan Albert Ghiorso pada tahun 1949 di USA, dengan
menembakkan Amerisium dengan partikel alpha (ion He) dalam “cliclotron”.
Penamaannya diambil dari nama koyta California. Berkelium merupakan unsure
transuranium kelima yang berhasil di sintesis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Bentuk Kristal </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> hexagonal close-packed</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Persenyawaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">florida
: BkF<sub>3</sub>; BkF<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klorida
: BkCI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bromida
: BkBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Iodida
: BkI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 78.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Oksida
: BkO; BkO<sub>2</sub>; Bk2O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Berkelium adalah radioaktif, hanya terdapat dalam jumlah yang sangat
kecil, penggunaannya seakan tidak ada</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">10.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><u><span lang="EN-US">Kalifornium(Cf)</span></u></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 3.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Kalifornium ditemukan
oleh Glenn T Seaborg, Stanley G. Thompson, Albert Ghiorso, dan Kenneth Street
pada tahun 1950 di USA, dengan membombardir Cm-242 dengan ion He. Penamaannya
diambil dari nama unversitas di USA yaitu California.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Bentuk Kristal</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Space group :
P63/mmc (space group number : 194)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 34.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Struktur : hcp (hexagonal close-packed)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Persenyawaan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Florida
: CfF<sub>3</sub>; CfF<sub>4</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klorida
: CfCI<sub>2</sub>; CfCI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bromida
: CfBr<sub>2</sub>; CfBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Iodida
: CfI<sub>2</sub>; CfI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Oksida
: CfO<sub>2</sub>; Cf2O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Penggunaan
kalifornium hanya untuk keperluan tertentu. Bahan bakar dari Cf-252 digunakan
sebagai fragmen sumber fisi untuk tujuan penelitian. Kalifornium merupakan
sumber netron yang baik, digunakan untuk deteksi emas dan perak.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">11.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Einsteinium
(Es)</span></u></b><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Ditemuakn oleh Albert Ghiorso dari
Universitas Kalivornia pada tahun 1952. Diberi nama seperti nama Albert
Einstein. Isotop 253Es dibuat dengan penembakan 15 neutron pada 238U. pada
tahun 1961. Eineteinium disintesis untuk menghasilkan jumlah mikroskopik 253U.
berat sampel kira-kira 0,01 mg dan digunakan untuk membuat mendelevium. Lebih
jauh einsteinium dihasilkan oleh Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s High Flux
Isotop Reactor, Tennesse dengan menembakan neutron pada 239Pu. Selama 4 tahun
dihasilkan kira-kira 3 mg. 19 isotop dari einsteinium yelah dihasilkan. Bentuk
paling stabil 252Es dengan waktu paruh 471,7 hari. Einsteinium merupakan logam
radioaktif.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US">Persenyawaan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">a)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Florida
: EsF<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">b)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Klorida
: EsCI<sub>2</sub>; EsCI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">c)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bromida
: EsBr; EsBr<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">d)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Iodida
: EsI<sub>2</sub>; EsI<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: 3.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">e)<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Oksida
: EsO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US">einsteinium belum banyak diketahui kegunaannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">12.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Fermium (Fm)</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Fermium ditemukan oleh Albert
Ghiorso dari Universitas Kalivornia bersama Stanley G. Thompson, Gary H.
Higgins, Glenn T. Seaborg (tim dari laboratorium Radiasi dan departemen kimia
Universitas Kalifornia) pada tahun 1953. Namanya diambil dari seorang ilmuan
Enrico Fermi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Sifat umum</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Dihasilkan dari 235U
yang bergabung dengan 17 neutron pada ledakan bom hydrogen. 253Fm, dapat
dihasilkan dari penembakan neutron pada 239Pu. Fermium adalah logam radioaktif
dengan isotop stabil adalah 257Fm dengan waktu paruh 100,5 hari.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hingga
saat ini belum diketahui kegunaan dari fermium</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">13.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Mendelevium
(Md)</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Pertama kali ditemukan oleh G.T.
Seaborg, S. G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, K. Street Jr pada tahun 1955 di amerika
serikat tepatnya di UniVersitas Kalivornia. Mendelevium dihasilkan dari
penembakan 253Es oleh partikel α. Nama unsure ini di ambil dari Dmitri
Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, orang yang menyusun table periodic unsure.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><span lang="EN-US">Bentuk dan sifat umum</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Termasuk unsure
logam dengan bilangan oksidasi : 2,3</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kegunaan
dari mendelevium belum diketahui</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">14.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Nobelium(No)</span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 2.0cm 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Nobelium ditemukan
oleh Albert Ghiorso, T. Seaborg, Johan R. Watson dan Torborn Skkeland (1958) di
universitas kalivornia, USA. Nama unsure ini di ambil dari Alfert Nobel, ilmuan
yang menemukan dinamit dan mendirikan penghargaan nobel.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Bentuk dan sifat umum</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 99.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Nobelium dihasilkan dari penembakan
kurium oleh karbon-13 yang kemudian dihasilkan 254 No dengan waktu paruh 55
detik. Terakhir dihasilkan isotop nobelium dengan waktu paruh 10 menit pada 8,5
MeV dengan penembakan 244Cm oleh 13C. merupan unsure logan demgan bilangan
oksidasi : 2,3</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 57.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.6pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 70.9pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Belum
banyak diketahui tentang penggunaan nobelium</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US">15.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Lawrensium (Lr)</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US"></span></u></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 2.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 2.0pt; tab-stops: 92.15pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Ditemukan oleh Albert Ghiorso,
torborn Sikkelland, Almon Larsh, Robert dirubah menjadiM. lattimer pada bulan
February tahun 1961 di universitas kaklifornia, amerika serikat. Diberi nama
sepertin Ernest O. Lawrence, penemu cyclotron. Sebelumnya digunakan symbol Iw,
tapi pada tahun 1963</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Bentuk dan sifat umum</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Unsur
ini dihasikan dengan menembakan ion boron-10 dan 11 pada kalifornium.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-weight: normal;">Kegunaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Hingga
saat ini belum diketahui kegunaan dari lawrensium</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">3.1. Kesimpulan </span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laktinida dan aktinida merupakan
unsur transisi blok f yang sifatnya sangat berbeda dengan unsur transisi blok d.
Unsur ini biasanya diletakkan terpisah dalam tabel periodik unsur, ini
dikarenakan keperiodikan strukrur elektronik yang sangat berbeda dengan yang
lain.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun unsur-unsur dari lantanida
yaitu Lantanum (La), Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), Neodymium (Nd), Promethium
(Pm), Samarium (Sm), Europium (Eu), Gadolinium (Gd), Terbium (Tb), Disprosium
(Dy), Holmium (Ho), Erbium (Er), dan Iterbium (Yb). Sedangakan unsur-unsur dari
aktinida yaitu<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Actinium(Ac), Torium(Th), Protaktinium(Pa), Uranium
(U), Neptunium(Np)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Plutonium(Pu), Amerisium (Am),
Kurium (Cm), Berkelium (Bk), Kalifornium(Cf)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%;">Einsteinium (Es), Fermium (Fm), Mendelevium (Md),
Nobelium(No), dan Lawrensium (Lr).</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Laktanida sering disebut sebagai
tanah jarang. Walaupun laktanida sering disebut sebagai tanah jarang namun,
kelimpahan unsur ini sangat banyak di kerak bumi. Laktanida ini biasanya
menggunakan simbol Ln. Karena lantanida memiliki sifat yang sangat mirip dan
sukar dipisahkan satu sama lain, di waktu yang lalu unsur-unsur ini belum
banyak dimanfaatkan dalam riset dasar dan terapan, jadi nama tanah jarang
berasal dari fakta ini. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">v<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Simbol umum untuk unsur aktinida
adalah An. Semua unsur aktinida bersifat radioaktif dan sangat beracun. Di alam
aktinoid yang ada dalam jumlah yang cukup adalah torium(Th), protaktinium(Pa)
dan uranium(U). Unsur-unsur ini diisolasi dari bijihnya dan digunakan dalam
berbagai aplikasi. Logam plutonium(Pu) diproduksi dalam jumlah besar untuk
bahan pembuatan nuklir. Unsur-unsur aktinida memiliki sifat yang mirip dengan
laktanida. Namun pada unsur aktinida ini memiliki isotop utama untuk mencapai
kestabilannya sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kimia nuklir.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2. Saran</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Walapun
unsur-unsur dari lantanida dan aktinida banyak memiliki sifat perusak. Namum,
senyawa ini memiliki banyak kegunaan tertentu khususnya dalam bidang industri.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTA PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anonim.
2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lantanida dan Aktinida</i>.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
<u><span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinida"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinida</span></a>.</span></u><span style="color: #00b0f0;"></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(Diakases 18 April 2012).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ariandy.
2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Lantanida dan Aktinida</i>. <span style="color: #00b0f0;"><a href="http://aryandi28.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: #00b0f0;">http://aryandi28.blogspot.com</span></a>.</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Diakses 18 April 2012).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Karyadi,
Benny. 1983. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ringkasan Kimia Untuk
Universitas</i>. Baneca Exact. Bandung.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 14.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">Taro, Saito.1996.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Kimia Anorganik</i>. Erlangga.
Jakarta. </span></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-48994650734984211342012-06-06T00:13:00.001-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.833-07:00STEREISOMER<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">TUGAS KIMIA ORGANIK II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">“RESUME TENTANG STEREOISOMER”</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">OLEH :</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PUTRAWAN BAHRIUL</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">A 251 10 006</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN MIPA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKULTAS KEGERUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">UNIVERSITAS TADULAKO PALU</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2012</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US">STEREOISOMER</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Isomer adalah molekul yang memiliki molekuk
formula yang sama namun susuan 3D yang berbeda. Tidak termasuk molekul hasil
perputaran dari molekul tersebut secara penuh atau hasil rotasi ikatan ikatan
tunggal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US">Saat atom membuat berbagai macam isomer
dengan membentuk struktur yang berbeda hal ini deikenal dengan isomer
struktural. Isomer struktural bukanlah suatu bentuk dari stereoismer dan
dijelaskan lebih lanjut pada halaman lain.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
stereoisomer, atom yang menghasilkan isomer berada pada posisi yang sama namun
memiliki pengaturan keruangan yang berbeda.Stereoisomer terbagi menajdi 2 yaitu
isomer optikal dan isomer geometric.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isomer Optikal</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinamakan isomer optikal karena efek
yang terjadi pada polarisasi sinar. Substansi sederhana yang menghasilkan
isomer optikal dikenal sebagai enansiomer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah larutan mempolarisasi sinar datar sehingga berputar
searah jarum jam.Enasiomer ini dikenal sebagai d atau bentuk (+). (d
merupakan singkatan dari dextrorotatory). Sebagai contoh, salah satu isomer
optikal (enansiomer) dari asam amino alanin dikenal sebagai d -alanin
atau (+)alanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebuah larutan mempolarisasi sinar datar sehingga berputar
berlawanan arah dengan jarum jam. Enansiomer ini dikenal sebagai l atau
bentuk (-) . ( l merupakan singkatan dari laevorotatory.) Enansiomer lain dari
alanin dikenal sebagai l-alanin atau (-) alanin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika konsentrasi larutan seimbang maka putaran serah dan
berlawanan jarum jam saling meniadakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saat subtansi aktif optikal dibuat di laboratorium, biasanya
dibuat dari campuran50/50 dari kedua enasiomer yang dikenal sebagai campuran
rasemik (rasemic mixture) yang tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap polarisasi
sinar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana optikal isomer muncul</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Contoh dari isomer optikal organik sebuah karbon yang dengan empat
atom yang lain. Kedua model berikut ini memiliki jenis atom yang sama yang
terikat ke carbon sebagai pusatnya, dan menjadi dua molekul yang berbeda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Dengan jelas diperlihatkan pada gambar bagian oranye dan biru tidak
berada pada posisi yang sama. Dapatkah anda mendapatkannya hanya dengan memutar
molekul tersebut? Gambar selanjutnya memperlihatkan apa yang anda dapatkan bila
andamemutar molekul <b>B</b>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tetap saja tidak menjadi sebuah molekul yang sama. Dan tidak mungkin
anda bisa mendapatkan yang sama hanya denga memutar molekul. Sehingga kedua
molekul diatas merupakan isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hal ini terjadi karena adanya perbedaan sudut yang terjadi sewaktu
berikatan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Apa yang akan terjadi jika terdapat dua buah atom yang sama yang
terikat pada karbon? Gambar berikut akan menjelaskannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua model disusun sama seperti model sebelumnya, namun atom biru
dapantikan dengan atom merah muda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perputaran dari molekul <b>B</b> menghasilkan molekul yang sama
dengan molekul <b>A</b>. Anda mendapatkan isomer optikal hanya apabila kempat
grup yang terikat dengan karbon berbeda.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Molekul Kiral dan Akiral</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perbedaan yang esensial dari kedua contoh diatas berada pada simetri
dari molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika ada duah buah atom yang sama terikat pada atom karbon, maka
molekul akan memiliki sebuah bidang simetri (<i>plane of symmetry)</i>. Jika
anda membayangkan memotong melalui molekul, bagian kanan akan sama dengan
bagian kiri.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat empat buah atom yang berbeda terikat dengan atom. Tidak
terdapatsimetri pada molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Molekul yang tidak memiliki bidang simetri disebut sebagai <b>kiral</b>.
Atom karbon dimana empat atom yang berbeda berikatan disebut sebagai <b>inti
kiral</b> atau <b>atom karbon asimetri.</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Molekuk pada bagian kiri (yang memiliki bidang simetri) disebut
sebagai<b><i>akiral</i></b>.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hanya molekul kiral yang memiliki isomer optikal.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Hubungan antara enansiomer-enansiomer</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Salah satu enansiomer merupakan bayangan cermin dari enansiomer yang
lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua isomer (yang asli dan bayangannya) memiliki struktur ruangyang
beda dan bukan molekul yang sama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Saat molekul <b><i>akiral</i></b> (molekul yang memiliki bidang
simetri) dicerminkan, anda dapat mendapatkan hasil pencerminan tersebut hanya
dengan memutar molekul awal. Sehingga menghasilkan dua molekul yang identik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Contoh nyata dari isomer optikal</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">Butan-2-ol</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atom karbon asimetrik pada senyawa (dimana empat buah grup yang
berbeda terikat) ditunjukkan dengan bintang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sangat penting untuk menggambar isomer secara tepat. Gambarlah
dengan menggunakan standar penggambaran ikatan untuk menunjukkan pengaturan 3D
disekitar atom karbon asimetrik. Lalu gambar pencerminannya (serta cerminnya
bila diperlukan).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Perhatikan bahwa anda tidak perlu menggambar bayangan cermin dari
semua angka dan huruf (akan menjadi sulit dibaca bila anda membuatnyamenjadi
bayangan cermin). Namun cukup berguna bila anda membalik grup yang besar,
sebagai contoh rtil pada bagian puncak dari gambar molekul diatas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Tidak penting bagaimana anda menggambar empat grup disekitar karbon.
Selama anda menggambar bayangannyasecara akurat, anda telat menggambar dua buah
isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jadi yang mana dari kedua isomer ini yang merupakan<b><i>d</i></b>-butan-2-ol
dan yang mana yang merupakan <b><i>l</i></b>-butan-2-ol? Tidak ada cara yang
mudah untuk mengetahuinya. Anda dapat mengabaikannya untuk sementara ini.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">asam 2-hidroksipropanoik (lactic acid)</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sekali lagi, carbon kiral ditunjukkan dengan bintang.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua enansiomernya yaitu:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sangat penting pada kali ini unuk menggambarCOOH secara terbalik
pada bayangan cermin. Jika tidak ada kemungkinan besar anda menggabungkannya
dengan carbon pusat secara salah.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar seperti diatas anda telah salah menggambar
molekul ini.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">asam 2-aminopropanoik(alanine)</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Merupakan amino asam yang terjadi secara natural. Secara struktur
mirip dengan contoh sebelumnya, hanya -OH digantikan dengan -NH<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua enansiomernya:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Hanya <b><i>l</i></b>-isomer yang terbentuk secara natural (Walau
anda tidak dapat mengetahui yang mana yang merupakan l-isomer hanya dengan melihat
struktur diatas). Merupakan hal yang biasa pada sistem alamiah hanya adanya
salah satu karbon optikal. Tidak terlalu sulit menjelaskannya. Karena molekul
memiliki struktur ruang yang berbeda dengan grup-grupnyahanya salah satu saja
yang dapat berpasangan dengan enzim yang bekerja sama dengannya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pada laboratorium, biasanya pada sintesis dihasilkan kedua buah
bentuk secara seimbang dan menjadikannya campuran rasemik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isomer Geometrik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Isomer
Geometrik (juga dikenal sebagai isomer cis / trans ) merupakan salah satu
bentuk dari isomer. Halaman ini menjelaskan apa yang dimaksud dengan
stereoisomer dan bagaimana anda bisa mengetahui kemungkinan adannya isomer
geometri dari sebuah molekul.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana isomer geometrik muncul</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Isomer isomer ini muncul saat anda melakukan rotasi rotasi tertentu
dalam molekul.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Bayangkan sebuah ikatan karbon dimana semua ikatan merupakan
ikatan tunggal. Gambar berikut memperlihatkan dua konfigurasi yang mungkin dari
1,2-dikloroetan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua model ini mewakili molekul yang sama. Anda bisa mendapatkan
molekul yang kedua hanya dengan memutar ikatan tunggal dari karbon. Sehinga
kedua molekul diatas bukanlah isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar struktur formulanya, anda akan menyadari
bahwa kedua molekul berikut ini merupakan molekul yang sama.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Namun bagaimana dengan karbon-karbon ikatan rangkap, seperti pada
1,2-dikloroe<u>ten</u>?</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Kedua molekul diatas tidaklah sama. Ikatan rangkap tidak dapat
diputar sehingga anda haru mempreteli model anda dan menggabungkannya lagi
untuk dapat menghasilkan molekul yang kedua. Seperti yang diterangkan
sebelumnya, Jika anda harus membongkar model dari sebuah molekul dan
menggaabungkannya lagi untuk membuat model yang lain maka kedua molekul yang
telah anda buat merupakan isomer. Jika anda hanya memutar bagian bagian
tertetentu saja. Anda tidak akan menghasilkan sebuah molekul yang lain.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Struktur formula dari kedua molekul diatas menghasilkan 2 buah
isomer.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Yang pertama, kedua klorin berada dalam posisi yang berlawanan pada
ikatan rangkap. Isomer ini dikenal dengan nama isomer <b><i>trans</i></b>.
(<i>trans</i> :dari bahasa latin yang berarti bersebrangan).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Sedangkan yang satu lagi, kedua atom berada pada sisi yang sama dari
ikatan rangkap. Dikenal sebagai isomer <b><i>cis</i></b> . (<i>cis</i> : dari
bahasa latin berarti “pada sisi ini”).</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Contoh yang lain bisa anda dapati pada but-2-ene.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Pentingnya menggambar isomer geometrik dengan benar.</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda munkin menggambar but-2-ene sebagai:I</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jika anda menggambar seperti ini anda melupakan adanya isomer
geometrik. Jika ada kemungkinan isomer akan berpengaruh, selalu gambarkan
dengan sudut ikatan yang benar (120°) disekitar karbon dan pada ujung dari
ikatan. Dengan kata lain, gunakan format seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh gambar
diatas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Bagaimana mengenali adanya isomer geometrik</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda membutuhkan adanya ikatan yang tidak dapat diputar. Yang
berarti ikatan-ikatan rangkap. Jika terdapat ikatan rangkap, berhati hatilah
akan adanya kemungkinan adanya isomer geometrik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US">Apa yang perlu diikatkan pada karbon-karbon ikatan rangkap?</span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Pikirkan kasus berikut ini:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Walaupun kelompok tangan kanan kita putar, kita masih berada pada
molekul yang sama. Anda hanya memutar keseluruhan molekul saja.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda tidak akan mendapatkan isomer geometrik jika pada daerah yang
sama terdapat atom yang sama. Dalam contoh diatas, kedua atom merah muda di
daerah tangan kiri.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Jadi harus ada dua atom yang berbeda pada daerah tangan kiri dan
daerah tangan kanan. Seperti pada gambar berikut ini:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Anda juga bisa membuatnya lebih berbeda lagi dan tetap menghasilkan isomer
geometrik.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Disini atom biru dan hijau bisa berada bersebrangan ataupun
bersebelahan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Atau anda dapat membuat dari atom yang berbeda beda.Anda masih
mendapatkan isomer geometrik, namun penamaan dengan kata-kata <i>cis</i> dan <i>trans</i>
menjadi tidak berarti.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<i><span lang="EN-US">Ringkasan:</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US">Untuk mendapatkan isomer geometrik anda harus memiliki:</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Ikatan yang tidak bisa
dirotasikan (contoh:ikatan-ikatan rangkap);</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">Dua atom yang berbeda pada
daerah tangan kanan maupun tangan kiri. Tidak diwajibkan atom atom tangan kanan
dan tangan kiri merupakan atom atom yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">JENIS-JENIS ISOMER MONOSAKARIDA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida D & L</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Wingdings"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida
diberi nama <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">D</span> jika gugus -OH
pada atom C* yang letaknya paling jauh dari gugus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">terletak disebelah kanan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Wingdings"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="DE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Monosakarida
diberi nama <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L</span> jika gugus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OH pada atom C* tersebut berada disebelah
kiri.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Turunan D-aldosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 318.0pt; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 126.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Turunan D Ketosa</span></div>
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</div>
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<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Heksosa yang paling banyak di alam</span></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ENANSIOMER DAN EPIMER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 156.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BENTUK
SIKLIK MONOSAKARIDA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pentosa
dan heksosa dapat membentuk struktur siklik melalui reaksi gugus keton atau
aldehida dengan gugus OH dari atom C asimetrik terjauh. Glukosa membentuk
hemiasetal intra-molekular sebagai hasil reaksi aldehida dari C1 & OH dari
atom C5, dinamakan cincin piranosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-pEtCuzc_U44/TVyqmxfnHjI/AAAAAAAAA0Q/35LkoCjMYFs/s1600/7.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan hemiasetal & hemiketal</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aldehida
dapat bereaksi dengan alkohol membentuk hemiasetal. Keton dapat bereaksi dengan
alkohol membentuk hemiketal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K36ZvcZk3cs/TVyq68BYlgI/AAAAAAAAA0U/j_ibmlLy1DI/s1600/8.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fruktosa
dapat membentuk :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cincin
piranosa, melalui reaksi antara gugus keto atom C2 dengan OH dari C6.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cincin
furanosa, melalui reaksi antara gugus keto atom C2 dengan OH dari C5.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KU4tJ1Se0WE/TVyrOU0AGDI/AAAAAAAAA0Y/iufDXGn0xvM/s1600/9.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Siklisasi D-glukosa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_ZgW6FMqI2E/TVyrl_AQNjI/AAAAAAAAA0c/KFG7PICVth8/s1600/10.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cincin
beranggota enam = PIRANOSA</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembentukan
cincin siklik glukosa menghasilkan pusat asimetrik baru pada atom C1. Kedua
stereoisomer disebut anomer, a & b.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi
Haworth menunjukkan bentuk cincin dari gula dengan perbedaan pada posisi OH di
C1 anomerik :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> a (OH di bawah struktur cincin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">w</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> b (OH di atas struktur cincin).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Rxvil_JVKvE/TVyr1fuYwqI/AAAAAAAAA0g/qqDlbcjpa38/s1600/11.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
solusi, rantai-bentuk terbuka glukosa ('baik' D - atau 'L -') ada dalam
keseimbangan dengan beberapa isomer siklik , masing-masing berisi sebuah cincin
karbon ditutup dengan satu atom oksigen. Dalam larutan air, bagaimanapun,
glukosa ada sebagai pyranose selama lebih dari 99%. Bentuk rantai terbuka
terbatas sekitar 0,25% dan furanose ada dalam jumlah diabaikan. Istilah
"glukosa" dan "D-glukosa" biasanya digunakan untuk bentuk-bentuk
siklik juga. Cincin ini berasal dari bentuk rantai terbuka oleh adisi
nukleofilik reaksi antara kelompok aldehid - (C = O) H pada C-1 dan kelompok
hidroksil-OH pada C-4 atau C-5, menghasilkan hemiacetal kelompok-C (OH) HO-.
Hemiasetal siklik dapat terbentuk sebagai hasil reaksi antara gugus hidroksil
dan karbonil pada rantai yang sama</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-QnKo-Sahbjo/TVysGaT1FtI/AAAAAAAAA0k/KVQDOBMS4DQ/s1600/12.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
antara C-1 dan C-5 menciptakan sebuah molekul dengan cincin beranggota enam,
disebut pyranose , setelah eter siklik pyran , molekul sederhana dengan cincin
karbon-oksigen yang sama. Reaksi antara C-1 dan C-4 menciptakan sebuah molekul
dengan cincin beranggota lima, yang disebut furanose , setelah eter siklik
furan. Dalam kedua kasus, setiap karbon di atas ring memiliki satu hidrogen dan
satu hidroksil terpasang, kecuali untuk karbon terakhir (C-4 atau C-5) dimana
hidroksil diganti oleh sisa molekul terbuka (yang - (CHOH) 2-H atau - (CHOH)-H,
masing-masing).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi
cincin-penutupan membuat karbon C-1 kiral juga, karena empat obligasi
menyebabkan-H, ke-OH, untuk karbon C-2, dan oksigen cincin. Keempat bagian dari
molekul dapat diatur sekitar C-1 ( karbon anomeric ) dalam dua cara yang
berbeda, yang ditunjuk oleh prefiks 'α-' dan 'β-'. Ketika molekul glukopiranosa
ditarik dalam proyeksi Haworth , penunjukan 'α-' berarti bahwa kelompok
hidroksil yang melekat pada C-1 dan-CH 2 OH pada C-5 terletak di sisi
berlawanan dari ring pesawat (a trans pengaturan ), 'sedangkan' β-berarti bahwa
mereka berada di sisi yang sama dari pesawat (a cis pengaturan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh
karena itu, terbuka isomer D-glukosa menimbulkan empat isomer siklik yang
berbeda: α-D-glukopiranosa, β-D-glukopiranosa, α-D-glucofuranose, dan
β-D-glucofuranose, α-D - Glucopyranose Glukopiranosa, β-D -
Glucopyranose Glukopiranosa, α-D - Glucofuranose Glucofuranose, β-D
- Glucofuranose Glucofuranose.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-tQsz9l5UbLg/TVysqvD5CFI/AAAAAAAAA0o/vtdS6icX5t4/s1600/13.JPG"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">
</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rantai
lainnya terbuka-isomer L-glukosa juga menimbulkan empat bentuk siklik berbeda
L-glukosa, masing-masing cermin gambar dari D-glukosa yang sesuai.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cincin
glukopiranosa (α atau β) dapat mengasumsikan bentuk non-planar beberapa, analog
dengan 'kursi' dan 'perahu' konformasi dari sikloheksana. Demikian pula, cincin
glucofuranose mungkin beranggapan beberapa bentuk, analog dengan 'amplop'
konformasi dari cyclopentane .</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukopiranosa
bentuk glukosa yang mendominasi dalam larutan, dan merupakan bentuk yang
diamati dalam keadaan padat. Mereka adalah padatan kristal berwarna, sangat
larut dalam air dan asam asetat , buruk larut dalam metanol dan etanol . Mereka
meleleh pada 146 ° C (α) dan 150 ° C (β), dan terurai pada suhu tinggi ke
karbon dan air.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
sifat ikatan karbon yang berbentuk tetrahedral, gula piranosa membentuk
konfigurasi “kursi" atau “perahu", tergantung dari gulanya.
Penggambaran konfigurasi kursi dari glukopiranosa di atas lebih tepat dibandingkan
dengan proyeksi Haworth.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Anomer α dan β</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Posisi
gugus-OH pada karbon anomeric merupakan perbedaan penting untuk kimia
karbohidrat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Posisi Beta didefinisikan sebagai-OH berada di sisi yang sama dari cincin
sebagai # C 6. Dalam struktur kursi ini menghasilkan proyeksi horisontal.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">•
Posisi Alpha didefinisikan sebagai-OH berada di sisi berlawanan dari cincin
sebagai # C 6. Dalam struktur kursi ini menghasilkan proyeksi ke bawah.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERAN GLUKOSA DALAM METABOLISME</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Karbohidrat
merupakan sumber energi utama bagi tubuh manusia, yang menyediakan 4 kalori (17
kilojoule) energi pangan per gram. Pemecahan karbohidrat (misalnya pati)
menghasilkan mono- dan disakarida, terutama glukosa. Melalui glikolisis,
glukosa segera terlibat dalam produksi ATP, pembawa energi sel. Di sisi lain,
glukosa sangat penting dalam produksi protein dan dalam metabolisme lipid.
Karena pada sistem saraf pusat tidak ada metabolisme lipid, jaringan ini sangat
tergantung pada glukosa.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glukosa
diserap ke dalam peredaran darah melalui saluran pencernaan. Sebagian glukosa
ini kemudian langsung menjadi bahan bakar sel otak, sedangkan yang lainnya
menuju hati dan otot, yang menyimpannya sebagai glikogen ("pati
hewan") dan sel lemak, yang menyimpannya sebagai lemak. Glikogen merupakan
sumber energi cadangan yang akan dikonversi kembali menjadi glukosa pada saat
dibutuhkan lebih banyak energi. Meskipun lemak simpanan dapat juga menjadi
sumber energi cadangan, lemak tak pernah secara langsung dikonversi menjadi
glukosa. Fruktosa dan galaktosa, gula lain yang dihasilkan dari pemecahan
karbohidrat, langsung diangkut ke hati, yang mengkonversinya menjadi glukosa.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ALDOSA DAN KETOSA</span></b></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aldosa dan ketosa sederhana terdiri
dari jumlah atom karbon yang sama merupakan isomer satu sama lain, karena itu,
heksosa dan hexulosa keduanya memiliki rumus empiris yang sama C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sup>
</sup><sub>6</sub> dan dapat diinterkonversi dengan isomerisasi. Isomerisasi
monosakarida melibatkan kedua gugus karbonil dan gugus hidroksil yang
berdekatan. Dengan reaksi ini, satu aldosa berubah menjadi aldosa yang lain
(dengan konfigurasi C-2 yang berlawanan) dan ketosa yang sesuai, sedangkan
ketosa berubah menjadi dua aldosa yang sesuai. Oleh karena itu, dengan
isomerisasi, D-glukosa, D-mannosa, dan D-fruktosa dapat diinterkonversi. Isomerisasi
dapat dikatalisis dengan basa atau enzim.</span></div>
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<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk Cincin Monosakarida</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gugus karbonil aldehid bersifat reaktif
dan dengan mudah mengalami nukleifilik yang diambil oleh atom oksigen dari
gugus hidroksil untuk menghasilkan hemiasetal. Gugus hidroksil hemiasetal dapat
bereaksi lebih jauh (dengan kondensasi) dengan gugus hidroksil dari alkohol
menghasilkan acetal. Reaksi gugus karbonil ketosa hampir sama.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk hemiasetal dapat terjadi dalam gula molekul aldosa
atau ketosa yang sama dimana karbonil fungsional bereaksi dengan salah satu
gugus hidroksilnya. Hasilnya adalah enam-anggota cincin gula yang disebut <i>piranosa</i>.
Dalam hal ini atom oksigen dari gugus hidroksil pada C-5 untuk bereaksi
membentuk cincin, C-5 harus berotasi untuk membawa atom oksigennya ke
atas/naik. Rotasi ini mem-bawa gugus hidroksimetil (C-6) ke posisi di atas
cincin. Gambar cincin D-glukopiranosa di bawah ini menunjukkan proyeksi
Haworth.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gula dapat juga membentuk lima-anggota
cincin yang disebut dengan furanosa, namun jarang terjadi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika atom karbon dari gugus karbonil
terlibat dalam formasi cincin, untuk menjadi hemiasetal (piranosa atau
furanosa), ia menjadi kiral. Dengan gula-D konfigurasi yang memiliki gugus
hidroksil di bawah cincin disebut dengan bentuk alpha.</span></div>
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<u><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Glikosida</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bentuk hemiasetal gula dapat bereaksi dengan alkohol
untuk menghasilkan asetal penuh yang disebut de-ngan glikosida. Hubungan asetal
dengan atom karbon anomerik ditantadi oleh akhiran <i>–ide</i> . Misalnya
D-glukosa bereaksi dengan methanol, produk utamanya adalah metil
α-D-glukopyranoside dan sedikit metil β-D-glukopyranoside.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua bentuk anomerik furanosida juga
terbentuk, namun strukturnya memiliki energi yang lebih tinggi, mereka
membentuk bentuk yang lebih stabil dan terdapat pada equilibrium dalam jumlah
yang ren-dah. Dalam hal ini gugus methil dan beberapa gugus lain terikat pada
gula membentuk glikosida, yang disebut aglikon. Glikosida mengalami hidrolisasi
menghasilkan gula reduksi dan senyawa terhidroksilasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Paling banyak terdapat di dalam makanan dan dimetabolisme
tubuh adalah hexose : glukosa (dekstrosa/gula anggur), fruktosa (levulosa atau
gula buah), galaktosa, mannose.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">- Dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu aldosa (monosakarida yang
mengandung gugus aldehid, misalnya gliseraldehid), dan ketosa (monosakarida yang
mengandung gugus keton, misal dihidroksiaseton)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-54238467400863301442012-06-05T23:58:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.835-07:00PEMBUATAN REAGEN<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">TUGAS PENGELOLAAN LABORATORIUM</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">“PEMBUATAN REAGEN”</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OLEH :</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PUTRAWAN BAHRIUL</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">A 251 10 006</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">PROGRAM
STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">JURUSAN
PENDIDIKAN MIPA</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">FAKULTAS
KEGERUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">UNIVERSITAS
TADULAKO</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;">2012</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">CARA MEMBUAT
REAGEN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan NaOH 13 % w/w dari padatannya</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
NaOH 13 % sebanyak 50 mL dibuat dengan cara melarutkan 7,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gram NaOH dalam 50 mL aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan KOH 20 ppm dari padatannya</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
KOH 20 ppm sebanyak 50 ml dibuat dengan cara melarutkan 10 mg KOH dalam 5 liter
aquades. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan 6 M HCl dari Larutan HCl pekat</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
HCl pekat konsentrasinya 12M (37%), untuk membuat larutan HCl 6 M, larutan HCl
pekat dicampur dengan air dengan perbandingan HCl Pekat : Air = 1 : 1.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">M1 x V1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>M2 x V2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">12 M x V1 = 6 M x 50 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>V1 = </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; position: relative; top: 7pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25
ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan NaCl 5 %<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari padatannya </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
NaCl 1 M sebanyak 100 mL dibuat dengan cara melarutkan 5 gram NaCl dalam 100 mL
aquades. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 3 M dari larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4
</sub>pekat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>pekat konsentrasinya 18M (96%), untuk membuat
larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 3 M, dengan cara H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>pekat
dicampur dengan air dengan perbandingan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> Pekat : Air
= 1 : 5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x M1 = V2 x M2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x 16 M = 100 ml x 3M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 = 100 ml x 3M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>16
M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18,75 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH dari larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
pekat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH pekat konsentrasinya 17,5M (96%), untuk membuat larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH
1 M, maka larutan CH<sub>3</sub>COOH Pekat dicampur dengan air dengan perbandingan
CH<sub>3</sub>COOH Pekat : Air = 1 : 16.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x M1 = V2 x M2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x 17,5 M = 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1
= 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>17,5 M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5,71 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan KMnO<sub>4</sub></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
KMnO<sub>4</sub> 1 M sebanyak 100 mL dibuat dengan cara melarutkan 15 gram KMnO<sub>4</sub>
dalam 100 mL aquades.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan HNO<sub>3</sub> dari larutan HNO<sub>3</sub>
pekat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
HNO<sub>3</sub> pekat konsentrasinya 15M (68%), maka untuk membuat larutan HNO<sub>3</sub>
6M dari larutan HNO<sub>3</sub> pekat maka HNO<sub>3</sub> pekat dicampur
dengan air dengan perbandingan HNO<sub>3</sub> Pekat : Air = 1 : 2.5.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x M1 = V2 x M2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x 15 M = 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1
= 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15 M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,67 ml</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan NH<sub>3</sub> dari larutan NH<sub>3</sub> pekat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
membuat larutan NH<sub>3</sub> 1 M, maka larutan NH<sub>3</sub> 15 M dicampur
dengan air dengan perbandingan NH<sub>3 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pekat : Air = 1 : 14</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x M1 = V2 x M2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1 x 15 M = 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">V1
= 100 ml x 1M</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>15 M</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6,67 ml</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Larutan
K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> 1 M sebayak 100 mL dibuat dengan cara melarutkan
20 gram K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> dalam 100 mL aquades. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Century", "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-19917397744307338202012-06-05T23:51:00.002-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.823-07:00TAMBANG EMAS POBOYA<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelurahan Poboya
merupakan salah satu kelurahan yang terletak di Kecamatan Palu Timur Kota Palu
Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah yang berada di bagian timur dari wilayah kecamatan
tersebut. Kelurahan ini terletak sekitar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
7 km dari pusat kecamatan.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kawasan
ini merupakan daerah penyangga air untuk Kota Palu dan sekitarnya. Wilayah
Poboya sesungguhnya telah menjadi kawasan konsesi milik perusahaan tambang PT.
Citra Palu Mineral (anak perusahaan Bakrie Group) namun belum juga dikelola dan
kini menjadi areal pertambangan rakyat. Kawasan Poboya bersentuhan dengan empat
wilayah yakni Kota Palu, Kabupaten Donggala, Kabupaten Parigi Moutong dan
Kabupaten Sigi. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesungguhnya
kandungan emas Poboya telah diketahui sejak lama, namun model penambangan
tradisional dengan cara mendulang saat itu tidak memberikan pengharapan yang
berlebihan bagi para pendulang lokal. Geger emas poboya berawal dari masuknya
beberapa penambang yang berasal dari luar kota Palu dengan membawa serta
teknologi dan pengetahuan yang mereka gunakan di beberapa lokasi penambangan
emas dengan menggunakan Mesin Tromol. Mesin ini memang menjadikan proses
penambangan jauh lebih cepat, akibatnya proses penambangan emas Poboya
berlangsung dengan sangat massif dan kian tak terkendali. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah
tromol dan tong yang beroperasi diperkirakan warga berjumlah sekitar ratusan
unit, belum lagi beberapa tromol yang beraktifitas diluar Poboya misalnya di
kelurahan Kawatuna, Lasoani dan Tanahmodindi, bahkan beberapa diantaranya mulai
dilakukan disekitar pemukiman warga. Jumlah tromol yang berputar disetiap unit
usaha tromol itu bervariasi, mulai dari 10 hingga lebih dari 30 tabung tromol.
Aktifitas penambangan yang tidak terkontrol tersebut, telah mengundang
kekhawatiran banyak pihak, satu persatu persoalan mulai timbul sebagai akibat
dari aktifitas tersebut. Kerusakan dan pencemaran lingkungan merupakan masalah
terdepan yang muncul, kerusakan areal hutan dan sungai akibat penggalian, serta
penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya seperti merkuri dan sianida. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui keadaan lingkungan di tambang emas
kelurahan Poboya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui
proses pengolahan emas dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan kimia seperti merkuri dan
sianida.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengetahui bahaya merkuri dan sianida bagi
kehidupan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa yang menjadi sumber pencemar di pertambangan
emas Poboya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana proses penggunaan terhadap bahan kimia
berbahaya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apa saja dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat penggunaan
bahan-bahan kimia berbahaya?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pemisahan
emas dengan menggunakan merkuri (Hg)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penambangan
bijih emas di daerah Poboya, dilakukan dengan sistem tambang bawah tanah,
dengan membuat lubang bukaan mendatar berupa terowongan (tunnel) atau berupa
adit dan lubang bukaan vertikal berupa sumuran (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">shaft</i>) sebagai jalan masuk ke dalam tambang. Penambangan dilakukan
dengan menggunakan peralatan sederhana (seperti pahat, palu, cangkul, dan
sekop) dan dilakukan secara selektif untuk memilih bijih yang mengandung emas
baik yang berkadar rendah maupun yang berkadar tinggi. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
penambangan tersebut diolah dengan metoda amalgamasi, yaitu proses pengikatan
logam emas dari bijih tersebut dengan menggunakan merkuri (Hg) dalam tabung
yang disebut sebagai tromol. Tromol selain berfungsi sebagai tempat proses
amalgamasi juga berperan dalam mereduksi ukuran butir bijih dari bijih yang
berbutir kasar (1 cm) hingga berbutir halus (80 - 200 mesh) dengan media gerus
berupa batangan besi. Tromol tersebut diputar dengan tenaga penggerak tenaga
listrik (dinamo). Hasil amalgamasi selanjutnya dilakukan pencucian dan
pendulangan untuk memisahkan amalgam (perpaduan logam emas/perak dengan Hg)
dari ampas (tailing). Amalgam yang diperoleh diproses melalui pembakaran untuk
memperoleh perpaduan logam emas-perak (bullion). Terjadinya pemborosan
sumberdaya karena banyak logam emas yang terbuang bersama dengan ampas
(tailing) yang tercermin oleh tingkat perolehan (recovery) logam emas yang
masih rendah (< 50 %), walaupun secara teoritis tingkat perolehan emas dalam
amalgamasi jarang melebihi 85 % (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Sevruykov</b>,
et.al, 1960). Terjadinya degradasi lingkungan khususnya di daerah aliran sungai
disebabkan oleh proses pencucian dan pendulangan yang dilakukan di sungai
sehingga ampas (tailing) terbuang ke dalam tanah. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mengetahui kondisi sebenarnya proses pembakaran yang dilakukan pada
pertambangan rakyat di Poboya, maka akan dilakukan percobaan amalgamasi dengan
indikator tingkat perolehan logam emas dan tingkat kehilangan merkuri (Hg).
Percobaan amalgamasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan dan peralatan yang sama
sebagaimana dilakukan oleh “pertambangan rakyat” di daerah Poboya. Sedangkan
tujuan percobaan adalah untuk memperoleh pola kecenderungan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trend</i>) pengaruh dari hasil perlakuan
amalgamasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tersebut. Hasil percobaan pembakaran
amalgam dalam retort ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan acuan dalam
perencanaan maupun penerapannya dalam pertambangan emas Poboya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amalgamasi
merupakan proses ekstraksi emas dengan cara mencampur bijih emas dengan </span><a href="http://mineraltambang.com/mercury.html"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">merkuri
( Hg )</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Produk
yang terbentuk adalah ikatan antara emas-perak dan merkuri yang dikenal sebagai
amalgam ( Au – Hg ). Merkuri akan membentuk amalgam dengan semua logam kecuali
besi dan platina. Penggunaan <b>raksa alloy</b> atau amalgam pertama kali pada
1828, meskipun penggunaan secara luas teknik baru ini dicegah karena sifat air
raksa yang beracun. Sekitar 1895 eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh GV Black
menunjukkan bahwa amalgam aman digunakan, meskipun 100 tahun kemudian ilmuwan
masih diperdebatkannya. </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amalgam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> masih merupakan proses </span><a href="http://mineraltambang.com/gold-extraction.html"><b><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">ekstraksi emas</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang paling sederhana dan murah, namun demikian amalgamasi
akan efektif pada emas yang terliberasi sepenuhnya maupun sebagian pada ukuran
partikel yang lebih besar dari 200 mesh ( 0.074 mm ) dan dalam membentuk emas
murni yang bebas ( free native gold ). Tiga bentuk utama dari amalgam adalah
AuHg2, Au2Hg dan Au3Hg. </span><a href="http://mineraltambang.com/amalgamasi.html"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Proses
amalgamasi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merupakan
proses kimia fisika, apabila amalgamnya dipanaskan, maka akan terurai menjadi
elemen-elemen yaitu </span><a href="http://mineraltambang.com/mercury.html"><b><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">air raksa</span></b></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan <b>bullion emas</b>. Amalgam dapat terurai dengan
pemanasan di dalam sebuah retort, air raksanya akan menguap dan dapat diperoleh
kembali dari kondensasi uap air raksa tersebut. Sementara Au-Ag tetap
tertinggal di dalam retort sebagai logam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masyarakat setempat dan para penambang
sering menyebut merkuri dengan sebutan air perak. Merkuri digunakan sebagai
bahan kimia pembantu pada proses pengolahan (amalgamasi) yang sesuai dengan
sifatnya berfungsi untuk mengikat butiran-butiran emas agar mudah dalam
pemisahan dengan partikel-partikel lain dalam tanah. Proses kerja pemisahan emas
dari partikel-partikel tanah yang dilaksanakan penambang emas Poboya adalah
pemecahan partikel tanah, penggilingan, pemisahan partikel tanah dengan ikatan
merkuri dan butiran emas, penyaringan, dan pemanasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 46.35pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Pengolahan dan Penanganan Merkuri </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses
pengolahan bijih emas yang dilakukan di daerah Kawasan Poboya yaitu proses
amalgamasi dimana proses penggilingan dan proses pembentukan amalgam
dilaksanakan bersamaan di dalam suatu amalgamator yang disebut tromol.
Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan penambang, umumnya merkuri yang dimasukkan ke
dalam tromol berkurang pada saat akhir proses, hal ini disebabkan karena pada
tahap pengolahan terbawa pada ampas (tailing). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
pengolahan dengan tromol, material yang tercecer pada proses penggilingan
ditampung dalam bak penampung, selanjutnya material tersebut diolah kembali
sampai dalam tong-tong sampai diperkirakan tidak lagi mengandung emas. Setelah
material dianggap sudah tidak mengandung emas, tetapi masih mengandung merkuri,
oleh para penambang dibuang ke tanah lokasi sekitar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahap
pencucian yakni pemerasan atau penyaringan dilakukan dengan kain parasut
sehingga merkuri terperas jatuh ke tanah dan tidak ditampung. Demikian pula
pada tahap penguapan yang dilakukan di pondok-pondok atau di ruang terbuka,
sehingga merkuri menguap ke udara terbuka. Penguapan tidak dilakukan di ruangan
kedap udara, seperti di dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">incenerator</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Limbah Cair</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Limbah Cair</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Penggalian
batuan</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Penghancuran
batuan</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Penggilingan
dengan tromol (Rep + Batu Penggiling + Air</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Proses
Amalgamasi (Penambahan Hg)</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pemisahan</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Limbah Padat</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Amalgam, Hg, Air</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Penyaringan</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Amalgam</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hg</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Pencemaran Hg ke
Lingkungan</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Pembakaran
Amalgam</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
Uap Hg</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bullion</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";"> </span>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial", "sans-serif";">Gambar :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proses Pengolahan
Batuan Emas</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian Merkuri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Merkuri diberi simbol HG berasal dari bahasa Yunani
yang berarti cairan perak. Merkuri merupakan unsur kimia pada tabel periodik
dengan simbol Hg dan nomor atom 80. Unsur golongan logam transisi ini berwarna
keperakan dan merupakan satu dari lima unsur (bersama cesium, fransium, galium,
dan brom) yang berbentuk cair dalam suhu kamar, serta mudah menguap. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Beberapa sifat fisik dan kimia yang menarik dari
logam tersebut adalah pada temperatur kamar 25° celcius berwujud cair, titik
bekunya relatif rendah -39°C dan titik didih sekitar 357°C, mudah menguap,
mudah bercampur dengan logam-logam lain membentuk logam campuran atau dalam
dunia kimia biasa disebut amalgam/alooy. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 46.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek Merkuri Bagi Kesehatan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Efek merkuri pada kesehatan terutama berkaitan
dengan sistem syaraf, yang sangat sensitif pada semua bentuk merkuri.
Metilmerkuri dan uap merkuri logam lebih berbahaya dari bentuk-bentuk merkuri
yang lain, sebab merkuri dalam kedua bentuk tersebut dapat lebih banyak
mencapai otak. Pemaparan kadar tinggi merkuri, baik yang berbentuk logam,
garam, maupunmetilmerkuri dapat merusak secara permanen otak, ginjal, maupun janin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruhnya pada fungsi otak dapat mengakibatkan
tremor, pengurangan pendengaran atau penglihatan dan pengurangan daya ingat.
Pemaparan dalam waktu singkat pada kadar merkuri yang tinggi dapat
mengakibatkan kerusakan paru-paru, muntah-muntah, peningkatan tekanan darah
atau denyut jantung, kerusakan kulit, dan iritasi mata. Badan lingkungan di
Amerika (EPA) menentukan bahwa merkuri klorida dan metilmerkuri adalah bahan
karsiogenik.<br />
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anak-anak
lebih rentan daripada orang dewasa terhadap merkuri. Merkuri di ibu yang
mengandung dapat mengalir ke janin yang sedang dikandungnya dan terakumulasi di
sana. Juga dapat mengalir ke anak lewat susu ibu. Akibatnya, pada anak dapat
berupa kerusakan otak, retardasi mental, buta, dan bisu. Bahkan, masalah pada
pencernaan dan ginjal juga dapat terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm 78.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oleh karena itu, merkuri harus
ditangani dengan hati-hati, dijauhkan dari anak-anak dan wanita yang sedang
hamil. Standard yang ditetapkan badan-badan internasional untuk merkuri adalah
sebagai berikut: di air minum 2 ppb (2 gr dalam 1.000.000.000 (satu milyar gr air
atau kira-kira satu juta liter)). Di makanan laut 1 ppm (1 gram tiap 1 juta
gram) atau satu gram dalam 10 ton makanan. Di udara 0,1 mg (miligram)
metilmerkuri setiap 1 m3, 0,05 mg/m3 logam merkuri untuk orang-orang yang
bekerja 40 jam seminggu (8 jam sehari). </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fakta Mengenai
Bahaya Merkuri</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus tosisitas metil merkuri yang tidak pernah
terlupakan oleh kita adalah “Minamata Disease” di Jepang. Berdasarkan hasil
penelitian ditemukan bahwa penduduk sekitar kawasan tersebut mengkonsumsi
secara rutin ikan yang berasal dari laut disekitar Teluk Minamata dan ternyata
bahwa ikan telah tercemar logam merkuri yang berasal dari limbah industri
plastik. Gejala keanehan mental, dan cacat saraf mulai nampak terutama pada
anak-anak. Namun, gejala tersebut baru diketahui 25 tahun kemudian sejak gejala
penyakit tersebut ditemukan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus yang serupa juga terjadi di Indonesia, di mana
sejak tahun 1996 Perairan Teluk Buyat di Propinsi Sulawesi Utara telah
dijadikan tempat perbuatan tailing oleh PT Newmont Minahasa Raya akibatnya
masyara yang mengkonsumsi ikan sekitar di teluk Buyat mengalami gangguan
kesehatan terutama penyakit kulit. Kegiatan penambangan seperti halnya PT NMR
merupakan pengambilan logam dari sumbernya termasuk logam berat dalam
pengambilan emas. Bijih primer yang terbungkus oleh mineral sufida yang kaya
akan logam-logam diekstraksi untuk memperoleh emas, kemudian sulfida tersebut
di buang ke alam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kasus serupa juga kini mengancam Kota Palu, di mana
hasil pengujian laboratorium Dinas Kesehatan Kota Palu menyimpulkan, air sumur
dan limbah yang berada disekitar tambang yang berada di Jalan Maleo positif
mengandung mercury atau zat yang dapat mematikan. Hal ini diungkapkan Kabid
pengendalian masalah kesehatan Dinkes Kota Palu. Sample air di Jalan Maleo yang
diuji di Laboratorium Makasar tahun 2009 lalu, positif terkontaminasi dengan
merkuri. Jika hasil lab menunjukkan 0,01 masih bisa dikatakan normal, namun
saat ini hasilnya telah mencapai 0,005, berarti positif mengandung merkuri.
Untuk jangka pendek reaksi merkuri memang belum terasa. Namun untuk jangka
panjang, 80 persen zat ini terakumulasi tersimpan dalam badan makhluk hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan fenomena yang ada maka kami mengetahui
bahwa kegiatan penambangan bijih emas oleh masyarakat di areal penambangan emas
Poboya dilakukan dengan cara amalgamasi. Cara tersebut merupakan cara
konvesional untuk mengekstraksi bijih emas dengan menggunakan logam merkuri.
Dengan cara ini ion Hg<sup>2+</sup> dalam bentuk larutan dinteraksikan dengan
batuan bijih emas (Au) sehingga terbentuk suatu amalgam (campuran emas terlarut
dalam merkuri). Emas terlarut dalam amalgam segera terokidasi dengan cepat oleh
oksigen di udara membentuk Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlu diketahui bahwa Au<sup>3+,</sup> pada dasarnya
berada dalam bentuk Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> dimana Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
tersebut sangat mudah terdekompsisi menjadi Au dan O<sub>2</sub> pada suhu
sekitar 150 C. Jika pemanasan yang lazim dilakukan penambang emas konvesional
pada prinsipnya mendekomposisi Au<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> menjadi Au (emas)
dan oksigen (O<sub>2</sub>) dan sekaligus menguapkan merkuri yang masih
bercampur dengan emas. Uap merkuri tersebut sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan
sebagaimana yang telah diungkapkan di atas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan uraian di atas maka patut semua pihak
baik masyarakat maupun penentu kebijakan untuk menyikapi hal tersebut secara
arif dan bijaksana sehingga kasus Minamata dan Buyat tidak terjadi di daerah
kota Palu yang kita cintai ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Proses pemisahan
emas dengan menggunakan sianida (CN)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemurnian emas dilakukan dengan cara
sianidasi langsung, sianidasi dengan karbon. Proses pemurnian ini didasarkan
pada proses yang terdiri dari biji dengan suatu larutan natrium sianida atau
suatu ekivalen sianida lalu setelah memisahkan larutan dari pengotor,
presipitasi emas, biasanya dilakukan dengan zink atau aluminium dan
kadang-kadang dengan logam lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Persamaan reaksi yang umum digunakan
untuk pemisahan emas dalam larutan alkali sianida adalah:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2Au
+ 4CN<sup>-</sup> + ½O<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup>
+ 2OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
reaksi ini adalah mekanisme elektrokimia. Hidrogen peroksidan telah dideteksi
dalam larutan sianida di mana emas telah terpisah secara cepat, dan observasi
ini menunjukkan bahwa beberapa emas kemungkinan terpisah melalui sepasang
reaksi yang melibatkan pembentukan pertama hidrogen peroksida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2Au
+ 4CN<sup>-</sup> + O2 + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> +
2OH<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Lalu
hidrogen peroksida bereaksi dengan beberapa emas dan sianida.<br />
2Au + 4CN‑ + H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> → 2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> +
2OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya
univalen emas yang diperoleh dalam larutan sianida, sehingga pemisahan oksigen
pada tekanan atmosfer tidak dapat mengoksidasinya. Oksigen dari udara adalah
agen pengoksidasi untuk memisahkan emas dalam suatu larutan sianida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setelah emas dipisahkan dari larutan
sianida dan dari residunya, langkah selanjutnya adalah memurnikan emas sambil
menyimpan larutan untuk dipakai kembali. Presipitan yang digunakan adalah zink,
yang menggantikan emas dalam larutan sianida melalui suatu reaksi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2[Au(CN)2]<sup>-</sup>
+ Zn → 2Au + [Zn(CN)4]<sup>2-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Presipitan
lain yang dipakai adalah aluminium, yang lebih sederhana daripada zink dan
meregenasi sianida secara langsung.<br />
2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> + 3OH<sup>-</sup> + Al → 3Au + 6CN<sup>-</sup>
+ Al(OH)<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Emas biasanya juga dimurnikan dari
larutan sianida melalui elektrolisis. Proses ini melibatkan penggunaan ;arutan
alkali sianida sebagai elektrolit dalam suatu sel di mana besi merupakan suatu
anoda dan aluminium pada katoda. Reaksi sel yang terjadi adalah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-
</sup>+ 2OH<sup>-</sup> → 2Au + 4CN<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O + ½O2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada proses sianidasi, logam zink akan
mengendapkan emas dari larutan sianida. Dalam sianidasi dengan karbon, bijih
emas dilumat menjadi bubur dan emasnya dilarutkan dalam larutan sianida.
Kemudian ditambahkan karbon aktif untuk mengadsorpsi ion-ion kompleks emas.
Karbon ini dipisahkan dari bubur emas dengan suatu teknik penapisan. Akhirnya
emas dilepaskan dari karbon dengan memasukkan karbon dalam larutan sianida
kaustik panas. Emas dipisahkan dari larutan berdasarkan reaksi:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4Au
+ 8CN<sup>-</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub> → 4[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>‑
</sup>+ 4OH<sup>-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2[Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-
</sup>+ Zn → 2Au + [Zn(CN)<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Emas diperoleh dari beberapa proses di
atas masih dikotori oleh logam zink. Emas murni diperoleh dengan cara
elektrolisis atau pelarutan pengotor dalam H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> atau HNO<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -24.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dampak Yang
Ditimbulkan Dari Penggunaan Merkuri dan Sianida</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Elemen merkuri (Hg) berwarna kelabu-perak, sebagai cairan pada suhu
kamar dan mudah menguap bila dipanaskan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Hg<sup>2+</sup> (senyawa
anorganik) dapat mengikat karbon, membentuk senyawa organomerkuri. Metil
Merkuri (MeHg) merupakan bentuk penting yang menimbulkan keracunan pada
manusia.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US">Sebagian senyawa merkuri yang dilepas ke lingkungan akan diubah
menjadi metilmerkuri (MeHg) oleh mikroorganisme dalam air dan tanah. MeHg
dengan cepat akan diakumulasikan dalam ikan atau tumbuhan dalam air permukaan.
Kadar merkuri dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan"><span style="color: WindowText;">ikan</span></a> dapat mencapai 100.000 kali dari kadar
air disekitarnya, jika ikan tersebut berada di lingkungan pabrik yang
menggunakan logam merkuri.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 49.65pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US">MeHg dapat menembus plasenta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem saraf sensitif terhadap keracunan
Hg.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.65pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">MeHg pada ASI, maka bayi yang menyusu
dapat terkena racun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merkuri termasuk bahan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratogenik" title="Teratogenik"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">teratogenik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
MeHg didistribusikan keseluruh jaringan terutama di darah dan otak. MeHg
terutama terkonsentrasi dalam darah dan otak, 90 % ditemukan dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah_merah" title="Darah merah"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">darah merah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Efek toksisitas merkuri terutama pada susunan saraf pusat (SSP) dan ginjal,
dimana merkuri terakumulasi yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan SSP dan ginjal
antara lain </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tremor&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tremor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">tremor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">
(gerakan fluktuatif gemetar pada tubuh) dan kehilangan daya ingat. MeHg
mempunyai efek pada kerusakan janin dan terhadap pertumbuhan bayi. Kadar MeHg
dalam darah bayi baru lahir dibandingkan dengan darah ibu mempunyai kaitan
signifikan. Bayi yang dilahirkan dari ibu yang terkena racun MeHg dapat
menderita kerusakan otak dengan akibat : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retardasi_mental" title="Retardasi mental"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Retardasi mental</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,
yaitu keadaan dengan intelegensia yang kurang (subnormal) sejak masa
perkembangan (sejak lahir atau sejak masa anak).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuli" title="Tuli"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Tuli</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buta" title="Buta"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Buta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mikrocephali
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%28campak%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="(campak) (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">(campak)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">Cerebral palsy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 42.55pt left 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gangguan
menelan makanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Efek terhadap sistem pernapasan dan
pencernaan makanan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya keracunan yang parah. Keracunan
merkuri dari lingkungan dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan berat pada jaringan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" title="Paru-paru"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">paru-paru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, sedangkan keracunan makanan yang
mengandung merkuri dapat menyebabkan kerusakan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver" title="Liver"><span style="color: WindowText; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none;">liver</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tepatnya setahun yang
lalu, air PDAM sebagai sumber air bersih masyarakat kota Palu di kawasan
penambangan emas Poboya, Kota Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, diduga tercemar sianida
dan zat kimia berbahaya lain. Pencemaran air tersebut telah jauh dari ambang
batas yang diperbolehkan, yakni 0,001 part per million (ppm) untuk air minum.
Pencemaran itu diduga dari penggunaan sianida dan merkuri di areal pertambangan
emas yang kian merajalela. Pemerintah Kota Palu didesak melakukan penertiban dan
moratorium untuk menyusun tata kelola pertambangan yang ramah lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ternyata Selama ini limbah pengolahan
emas dibuang di lembah terbuka yang dipenuhi tanaman kaktus.Data Pemerintah
Kota Palu dan Kepolisian Daerah Sulteng menunjukkan, saat ini terdapat lebih
dari 11.000 tromol dan sekitar 400 tong di Poboya dan sekitarnya.Tromol dan
tong adalah peralatan untuk memisahkan butiran emas dari pasir, tanah, dan
bebatuan. Dalam operasionalnya, tromol menggunakan merkuri. Adapun tong
menggunakan sianida</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Telah dilakukan
penelitian tentang studi potensi pencemaran lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan penggunaan bahan kimia berbahaya</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dari kegiatan
pertambangan emas rakyat di Kawasan Poboya dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan
informasi besarnya konsentrasi logam merkuri yang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.
</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan logam merkuri berasal dari aktivitas
penambangan baik penambangan secara tradisional dengan menggunakan piringan
besar yang dilakukan sejak tahun 2007 maupun yang menggunakan tromol yang sudah
berlangsung sejak Agustus 2009 hingga sekarang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat sifat merkuri yang berbahaya,
maka penyebaran logam ini perlu diawasi agar penanggulangannya dapat dilakukan
sedini mungkin secara terarah. Selain itu untuk menekan jumlah limbah merkuri,
maka perlu dilakukan perbaikan sistem pengolahan yang dapat menekan jumlah
limbah yang dihasilkan akibat pengolahan dan pemurnian emas.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan pembakaran amalgam dalam pemisahan emas
telah menyebabkan penyebaran merkuri sehingga kegiatan pertambangan rakyat
menggunakan proses amalgamasi sangat berpotensi menimbulkan dampak lingkungan
dan berbahaya bagi kesehatan masyarakat kota Palu pada umumnya, khususnya
masyarakat sekitar kegiatan tromol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian yang telah dilakukan sudah berlangsung
dengan baik, namun lebih baik lagi jika penelitian yang dilakukan langsung ke
tempat pusat pertambangan dan melihat langsung emas yang diperoleh dari
pemurnian yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan merkuri dan sianida.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-74599698432774840472012-05-31T21:30:00.001-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.836-07:00PEMBUATAN NATRIUM TIOSULFAT<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">NAMA : PUTRAWAN BAHRIUL</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">STAMBUK : A 251 10 006</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PERCOBAAN III</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBUATAN NATRIUM TIOSULFAT</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun tujuan dari percoban ini adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mempelajari cara pembuatan garam natrium tiosulfat dan sifat-sifat kimia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DASAR TEORI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Natrium banyak ditemukan di bintang-bintang, dimana garis d pada spektrum matahari sangat jelas. Natrium juga merupakan elemen terbanyak keempat di bumi, terkandung sebanyak 2.6% di kerak bumi. Unsur ini merupakan unsur terbanyak dalam grup logam alkali. Sifat Natrium, seperti unsur radioaktif lainnya, tidak pernah ditemukan tersendiri di alam. Natrium adalah logam keperak-perakan yang lembut dan mengapung di atas air. Tergantung pada jumlah oksida dan logam yang terkekspos pada air, natrium dapat terbakar secara spontanitas. Lazimnya unsur ini tidak terbakar pada suhu dibawah 115 derajat Celcius. Di antara banyak senyawa-senyawa natrium yang memiliki kepentingan industrial adalah garam dapur (NaCl), soda abu (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), baking soda (NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), caustic soda (NaOH), <i>Chile salpeter</i> (NaNO<sub>3</sub>), di- dan tri-natrium fosfat, natrium tiosulfat pentahydrat ( Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> . 5H<sub>2</sub>0) and borax (Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub> . 10H<sub>2</sub>O) (Alson, 1989).</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Natrium Tiosulfat berupa hablur besar, tidak berwarna, atau serbuk hablur kasar. Mengkilap dalam udara lembab dan mekar dalam udara kering pada suhu lebih dari 33°C. Larutannya netral atau basa lemah terhadap lakmus. Sangat mudah larut dalam air dan tidak larut dalam etanol. Natrium tiosulfat juga berperan sebagai antidot untuk keracunan sianida. Sodium tiosulfat merupakan donor sulfur yang mengkonversi sianida menjadi bentuk yang lebih nontoksik, tiosianat, dengan enzyme sulfurtransferase, yaitu rhodanase. Tidak seperti nitrit, tiosianat merupakan senyawa nontoksik, dan dapat diberikan secara empiris pada keracunan sianida. Penelitian dengan hewan uji menunjukkan kemampuan sebagai antidot yang lebih baik bila dikombinasikan dengan hidroksokobalamin (Puput, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Natrium tiosulfit (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>) dapat dibuat dari H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> adalah asam yang sangat penting yang digunakan dalam induksi kimia. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> mencair pada suhu 10,5<sup>0</sup>C membentuk cairan kental. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> berikatan dengan hydrogen dan tidak bereaksi dengan logam di dalam air untuk menghasilkan H<sub>2</sub>. H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> menyerap air dan dapat menghasilkan gas. Ion SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> adalah tetrahedral, mempunyai panjang ikatan 1,49 Å, mempunyai rantai pendek. Ikatan S – O memiliki 4 ikatan σ antar S dan O dan 2 ikatan π yang didelokalisasi S dan 4 atom O. Asam tiosulfat H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub>.tidak dapat dibentuk dengan menambahkan asam ke dalam tiosulfat karena pemisahan asam bebas dalam air ke dalam campuran S, H<sub>2</sub>S, H<sub>2</sub>Sn, SO<sub>2</sub> dan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">H<sub>2</sub>S + SO<sub>3</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Garam yang biasa disebut tiosulfat stabil dan berjumlah banyak. Tiosulfat dibuat dengan memanaskan alkali/larutan sulfit dengan S dan juga dengan mengoksidasi polisulfida dengan air seperti reaksi berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + S → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2NaS<sub>3</sub> + 3O<sub>2</sub> → 2Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> +2S</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Banyak sekali reaksi yang digunakan dalam analisis anorganik kualitatif melibatkan pembentukkan endapan. Endapan adalah zat yang memisahkan diri sebagai suatu fase padat keluar dari larutan. Endapan mungkin berupa kristal (kristalin) atau koloid, dan dapat dikeluarkan dari larutan dengan penyaringan atau pemusingan (sentrifuge), seperti yang dilakukan pada percobaan ini yakni pembuatan natrium tiosulfat, dimana natrium tiosulfat ini dihasilkan dengan mereaksikan Natrium sulfit dengan belerang melalui beberapa tahapan reaksi sampai akhirnya menghasilkan endapan (Puput, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>10.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ember </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet tetes <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>11.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Desikator</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Neraca digital<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>12.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penjepit tabung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Penagans listrik<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>13.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rak dan tabung reaksi </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Spatula<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>14.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kertas saring</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kertas <span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>15.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gelas kimia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat refluks</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Cawan penguap</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Corong</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bahan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Padatan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O (natrium tiosulfat pentahydrat)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Serbuk belerang (sulfur)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Aquades</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan BaCl<sub>2</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Es batu </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Padatan NaSO<sub>3</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan HCl 0,1 M </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan Iod</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 122.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 122.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 122.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 122.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">IV.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Prosedur Kerja </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>Adapun prosedur kerja yang dilakukan pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan Natrium Tiosulfat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyiapkan alat dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bahan yang digunakan pada percobaan ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbang 12,5 gram natrium sulfit dan memasukkannya ke dalam labu refluks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menambahkan 50 mL aquades dan 3,0 gram serbuk belerang kemudian merefluks selama 70 menit. Setelah itu, mendinginkan larutan tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menyaring larutan tersebut dengan menggunakan kertas saring kemudian memindahkan filtrate ke dalam cawan penguap dan menguapkannya hingga volume 10 mL</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendinginkan filtrate tersebut di dalam alat pendingin hingga membentuk kristal selama 1 hari kemudian menyaring kristal yang telah terbentuk tersebut. Setelah itu, memindahkannya ke atas cawan penguap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menimbang kristal tersebut dengan mengggunakn neraca digital kemudian mendiamkannya hingga mencair.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempelajari Sifat-Sifat Kimia Natrium Tiosulfat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh pemanasan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memasukkan sejumlah kristal Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O ke dalam cawan penguap kemudian menimbangnya dengan menggunakan neraca digital.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Memanaskan kristal tersebut kemudian mendinginkannya. Setelah itu, memasukkannya ke dalam desikator selama beberapa menit.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Iod</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memasukkan 1 mL larutan natrium tiosulfat buatan ke dalam tabung reaksi dan menambahkan 1 mL larutan iod kemudian mengamati perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level4 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Klor</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Memasukkan 1 mL larutan natrium tiosulfat buatan ke dalam tabung reaksi dan menambahkannya 1 mL larutan HCl 0,1 M. Setelah itu, menambahkannya lagi 1 mL larutan BaCl<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mengamati perubahan yang terjadi.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh asam encer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memasukkan 3 mL larutan natrium tiosulfat buatan ke dalam tabung reaksi dan menambahkannya 3 mL larutan HCl 0,1 M kemudian mengamati perubahan dan bau larutan tersebut. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">V.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil Pengamatan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Adapun hasil pengamatan yang diperoleh pada percobaan ini adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="background: white; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No </span></div>
</td> <td style="background: white; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; height: 22.2pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 180.05pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlakuan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hasil</span></div>
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<tr style="height: 524.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 524.3pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-top-alt: black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 25.5pt;" valign="top" width="34"><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">A.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">B. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan natrium tiosulfat hidrat.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>12,5 gram Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + 50 mL H<sub>2</sub>O +3,0 gram serbuk belerang,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">direfluks selama ±70 menit,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">didinginkan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>disaring, diuapkan,</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">didinginkan, dan disaring.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat-sifat kimia natrium tiosulfat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh pemanasan.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>buatan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b).Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(sebelum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipanaskan)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(sesudah dipanaskan)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Iod</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mL <sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>+ 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mL I<sub>2</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Klor</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">a). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> </sub>1 mL + </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mL HCl 0,1 M</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O<sub> </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mL + </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mL HCl <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,1 M + </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 mL BaCl<sub>2 </sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaruh asam encer</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O 3 mL +</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3 mL HCl 0,1 M</span></div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 524.3pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 177.6pt;" valign="top" width="237"><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">21,42 gram kristal Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencair</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Padatan/kristal 1,16 gram</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mencair kemudian mengkristal kembali, dengan berat 0,77 gram.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan bercampur</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan bercampur dan bening</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Terbentuk endapan</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Larut dan berbau sulfur</span></div>
</td> </tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Perhitungan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Diketahui : Massa Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 12,5 gram </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Massa serbuk belerang =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>3,0 gram</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Mr Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 126 gram/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Mr S</span><sub><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">256</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gram/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Mr Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 248 gram/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ditanyakan : a. Massa Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>b. % rendeman ……?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyelesaian :</span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 214px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 43px; z-index: 251659264;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="43" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3(s) </sub>+ 5H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l) </sub>+ S<sub>8(s)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>8Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>5H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="169" /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" width="100" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,09 mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -15.0pt; position: relative; top: 15.0pt;"><img height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="105" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="105" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="329" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -12.0pt; position: relative; top: 12.0pt;"><img height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" width="83" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mol</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 148.85pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>massa Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O = mol Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O x Mr Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 0,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> mol x 248 gram/mol</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">19,84</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gra</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" width="245" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= <span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="129" /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 5;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">154,63</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> %</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 68.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -68.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VI.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Persamaan Reaksi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -7.05pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembuatan natrium tiosulfat hidrat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 238px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251658240;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3(s) </sub>+ 5H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l) </sub>+ S<sub>8(s)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>8Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3.</sub>5H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sifat – sifat kimia natrium tiosulfat</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-text-raise: -14.0pt; position: relative; top: 14.0pt;"><img height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" width="129" /></span>Pengaruh pemanasan </span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 195px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251649024;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(s)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 205px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251648000;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(g)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level4 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Iod</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 214px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251651072;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reduksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: I<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2I<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 210px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251650048;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="46" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 65px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 375px; z-index: 251652096;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="375" /></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi : 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2e<sup>-</sup></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 261px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251653120;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Redoks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: I<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>2I<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atau </span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251654144;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<sub>2(aq) </sub>+ 2Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaI<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klor</span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 246px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2HCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 240px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251656192;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>b). H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub>+ BaCl<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BaS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s) </sub>+ HCl<sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemgaruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam encer</span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 194px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251657216;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ HCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ S<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ SO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VII.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium Tiosulfat berupa hablur besar, tidak berwarna, atau serbuk hablur kasar. Mengkilap dalam udara lembab dan mekar dalam udara kering pada suhu lebih dari 33°C. Larutannya netral atau basa lemah terhadap lakmus. Sangat mudah larut dalam air dan tidak larut dalam etanol. Natrium tiosulfat juga berperan sebagai antidot untuk keracunan sianida (Puput</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">perlakuan pertama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="EN-US">yaitu</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pembuatan natrium tiosulfat hidrat. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pertama</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dilakukan yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menimbang 12,5 gram padatan Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3 </sub>kemudian memasukkannya ke dalam gelas kimia. Setelah itu, menambahkan 3 gram serbuk belerang</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan 50 ml aquades <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian diaduk.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan pencampuran dilakukan dalam gelas kimia yaitu agar serbuk sulfur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dapat larut dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak mengapung sebelum dimasukkan ke dalam alat refluks. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah selanjutnya yaitu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> merefluks</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> larutan tersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> selama ±70 menit sambil memanaskannya di atas penangas listrik</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">fungsi pemanasan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pada perlakuan ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah untuk mempercepat terjadinya reaksi</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dimana pada suhu yang tinggi energi kinetik dari molekul-molekul zat terlarut akan meningkat sehingga tumbukan antar partikel juga meningkat yang menyebabkan reaksi berjalan dengan cepat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Proses merefluks akan dihentikan ketika larutan yang semula berwarna kuning <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah berubah membentuk 2 lapisan yang di bawahnya ada endapan, dimana endapan yang terbentuk tersebut berasal dari natrium sulfit dan serbuk belerang sedangkan warna kuning yang ada pada larutan tersebut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">berasal dari warna sulfur.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan merefluks adalah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">agar struktur molekul sulfur yang membentuk cincin yang mengandung 8 atom (S<sub>8</sub>) dapat diputuskan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga dapat bereaksi dengan natrium sulfit. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Langkah selanjutnya yaitu menyaring larutan dalam keadaan panas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk memisahkan filtrat dan residu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Adapun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> tujuan penyaringan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dalam keadaan panas yaitu agar larutan tidak membentuk Kristal</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, karena jika larutan disaring dalam keadaan dingin maka akan membentuk kristal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Setelah itu, filtratnya diuapkan di atas penangas listrik hingga volumenya mencapai 10 mL kemudian larutan tersebut didinginkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan cara dimasukkan ke dalam bongkahan es lalu dimasukkan ke dalam lemari pendingin.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">T</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ujuan</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> penguapan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">untuk menghilangkan molekul air yang masih terdapat pada larutan yang bukan pentahidrat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, sedangkan tujuan pendinginan dalam lemari es yaitu agar larutan dapat berbentuk kristal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Setelah kristalnya sudah terbentuk larutan kemudian disaring dan ditimbang sehingga diperoleh berat kristal sebesar </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">30,68</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> gram (Svehla, 1990).</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan perhitungan, diperoleh massa natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat yang digunakan yaitu 19,84 gram sedangkan massa natrium tiosulfat hidrat yang diperoleh dari percobaan yaitu 30,68 gram. Berdasarkan data tersebut, dapat ditentukan persen rendemen dari natrium tiosulfat hidrat. Dimana persen rendemen adalah perbandingan massa yang diperoleh dengan massa sampel dikali 100%. Adapun persen rendemen yang diperoleh yaitu 154,63%, hal ini berarti dalam kristal tersebut masih terdapat zat pengotor atau molekul air sehingga mempengaruhi massa kristal yang dihasilkan. Hasil yang diperoleh tersebut masih berbeda dengan literatur, dimana sehurusnya diperoleh persen rendemen lebih kecil atau sama dengan 100%. Perbedaan ini terjadi karena adanya kesalahan pada saat praktikum, misalnya kesalahan dalam, memanaskan, menimbang, merefluks ataupun menyaring (Sukardjo, 1984).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada tahap kedua yaitu</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> untuk mengetahui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sifat-sifat kimia natrium tiosulfat, pada perlakuan pertama adalah pengaruh pemanasan. Pertama-tama </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">padatan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat ditimbang kemudian dipanaskan di atas penangas listrik.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pada saat pemanasan, padatan tersebut mencair dean lama-kelamaan membentuk padatan kembali. Hal ini terjadi karena terjadi pelepasan hidrat dalam bentuk molekul H<sub>2</sub>O ke udara.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Adapun kestabilan termal antara Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.5H<sub>2</sub>O </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dengan Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.H<sub>2</sub>O yaitu natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat lebih stabil dibandingkan natrium tiosulfat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dikarenakan polarisasi ion-ion pada natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat lebih besar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Hal ini dapat terlihat pada saat natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat berada pada suhu kamar tidak mencair<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sedangkan natrium tiosulfat hidrat mencair sebagian. Adapun pada saat dipanaskan natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat akan mencair namun membentuk padatan kembali, sedangkan natrium tiosulfat hidrat mencair semuanya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">(Puput, 2010).</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">langkah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> kedua yaitu mereaksikan natrium tiosulfat hidrat denga</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n larutan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> iodin sehigga menghasilkan larutan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">bening.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada perlakuan ini terjadi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> reaksi redoks</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">. Reaksi redoks adalah suatu reaksi dimana keadaan oksidasi berubah, dan disertai pertukaran elektron antara pereaksi.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam hal ini</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="EN-US">I<sub>2</sub></span></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></sub><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">mengalami reduksi menjadi I<sup>-</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan biloksnya mengalami penurunan dari 0 menjadi -1. Sedangkan 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2- </sup>mengalami oksidasi menjadi S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup>, dan biloksnya meningkat dari -4 menjadi -2. Dalam hal ini I<sub>2</sub> sebagai oksidator</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> sedangkan </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> bertindak sebagai </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">reduktor. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun penyebab larutan menjadi bening karena ion tiosulfat merupakan pengoksidator yang kuat sehingga dapat mereduksi I<sub>2</sub> menjadi I<sup>-</sup> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> meyebabkan larutan tersebut menjadi bening (Anonim, 2010).</span></div>
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<sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">langkah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> ketiga yaitu m</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">nambahkan natrium tiosulfathidrat de</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">gan larutan HCl 0,1 M dan BaCl<sub>2 </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga menghasilkan larutan yang </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatu dan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">terbentuk endapan BaS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada perlakuan ini</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> HCl berfungsi sebagai </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pelarut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang dapat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">melarutkan natrium tiosulfat hidrat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pada </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">langkah selanjutnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yaitu larutan natrium tiosulfat hidrat ditambahkan dengan la</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ruta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">n HCl 0,1 M </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> menghasilkan larutan yang bening dan berbau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">sulfur. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal ini terjadi karena pada saat natrium tiosulfat hidrat direaksikan dengan HCl, akan terbentuk gas SO<sub>2</sub> yang menyebabkan larutan berbau sulfur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span lang="EN-US">(Anonim, 2010).</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">VIII.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan tujuan dan hasil pengamatan maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut : </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kristal natrium tiosulfat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pentahidrat dapat dibuat dengan cara merefluks natrium sulfit</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang ditambahkan dengan serbuk belerang dan aquades</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">, kemudian menyaringnya, menguapkan dan mendingikan hingga berbentuk kristal natrium tiosulfat hidrat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat lebih stabil dibandingkan natrium riosulfat hidrat yang disebabkan polarisasi ion natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat lebih besar dari pada polarisasi ion natrium tiosulfat hidrat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium tiosulfat </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">penta</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">hidrat mempunyai sifat yaitu </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada saat dipanaskan natruim tiosulfat hidrat mencair, sedangkan natrium tiosulfat pentahidrat ketika dipanaskan akan mencair namun akan membentuk kristal kembali</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi iodine dengan natrium tiosulfat terjadi reaksi redoks, dimana yang berperan sebagai pereduksi yaitu I<sub>2. </sub>Sedangkan yang berperan sebagai pengoksidasi yaitu S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium tiosulfat dicampur dengan HCl larutan menyatu. Setelah dicampur dengan larutan BaCl<sub>2</sub> larutan membentuk endapan BaS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level5 lfo3; tab-stops: 1.0cm 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natrium tiosulfat dicampurkan dengan larutan HCl menghasilkan larutan yang menyatu dan berbau sulfur</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Alson. 2007. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pembuatan Natrium Tiosulfat</i>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://chem-is-try.org/"><span style="color: WindowText; text-decoration: none;">http://chem-is-try.org</span></a>.<span style="color: black;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>diakses </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12 November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 2011.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Anonim. 2010. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sifat-Sifat Natrium Tiosulfat</i>. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><a href="http://cosmo%20done.blog.frienster.com/natrium"><span style="color: WindowText; text-decoration: none;">http://cosmo done.blog.frienster.com/natrium</span></a> tiosulfat. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>diakses </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12 November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 2011.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Puput. 2010. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Pembuatan Natrium Tiosulfat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://aboutchemistry21.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: WindowText; text-decoration: none;">http://aboutchemistry21.blogspot.com</span></a><span style="color: black;">. </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>diakses </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12 November</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 2011.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Staf Pengajar Kimia Anorganik. 2011. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik I. </i>Universitas Tadulako. Palu.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Svehla, G. 1990. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Analisi Anorganik Kualitatif Makro Dan Semimakro.</i><u> </u></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalman Media Pustaka. Jakarta.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">LAMPIRAN</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah ion tiosulfat berfungsi sebagai oksidator, reduktor, atau oksidator dan reduktor ?jelaskan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 14.2pt 1.0cm 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bandingkan kestabilan termal antara ion tiosulfat dan ion sulfit. Tuliskan reaksinya !</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tuliskan reaksi yang terjadi pada B<sub>2</sub>, B<sub>3</sub>, dan B<sub>4 </sub>!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab :</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ion sulfat berfungsi sebagai pengoksidator , dimana ion ini merupakan pengoksidator yang kuat sehingga dapat mereduksi I<sub>2</sub> menjadi I<sup>-</sup>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 14.2pt 1.0cm 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ion tiosulfat memiliki kestabilan termal yang tinggi karena memiliki kekuatan pengoksidator yang besar dibandingkan ion sulfit. Dan ion tiosulfat juga memiliki daya melarut yang tinggi dalam air.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Reaksi dengan Iod</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 211px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251661312;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reduksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: I<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2e<sup>-</sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2I<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 207px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251660288;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="46" /></span><span style="height: 3px; left: 0px; margin-left: 65px; margin-top: 25px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 375px; z-index: 251662336;"><img height="3" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" width="375" /></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksidasi : 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2e<sup>-</sup></span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 259px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251663360;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Redoks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>: I<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub>2I<sup>-</sup><sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup><sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Atau </span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 206px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251664384;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I<sub>2(aq) </sub>+ 2Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaI<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">b). Reaksi dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>klor</span></div>
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<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 244px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251665408;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1). Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2HCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ 2NaCl<sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 193.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 238px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251666432;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2). H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub>+ BaCl<sub>2(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BaS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(s) </sub>+ HCl<sub>(aq)</sub></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">c). Pemgaruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>asam encer</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt 35.45pt 193.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="height: 12px; left: 0px; margin-left: 216px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 46px; z-index: 251667456;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.gif" width="46" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ HCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2NaCl<sub>(aq) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ S<sub>(s) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ SO<sub>2(g) </sub><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>+ H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>(l)</sub></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman", "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-32682524548607601262012-05-29T18:25:00.000-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.826-07:00HPLC<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENFAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Di zaman yang modern
seperti sekarang ini, perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi melaju dengan
pesatnya. Tuntutan kebutuhan hiduplah yang menjadikan manusia giat
mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Berbagai ilmu dikembangkan, mulai
dari ilmu sosial hingga ilmu eksak. Seperti salah satu ilmu eksak yaitu ilmu
kimia. Dalam praktiknya secara umum ilmu kimia, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari
tentang sususnan, sifat, dan reaksi suatu unsur atau zat dalam berbagai
jenis<span> </span>benda material. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam ilmu kimia banyak aspek-aspek penelitian
yang dilakukan. Seperti halnya, yang paling spesifik yaitu pemisahan molekul-
molekul dari senyawa zat nya, atau yang disebut dalam ilmu kimia yaitu K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romatografi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Kromatografi terbagi menjadi berbagai macam
lagi. Salah satunya yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romatografi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inerja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inggi”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> atau yang biasa di kenal HPLC.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemajuan dalam teknologi kolom, sistem pompa tekanan
tinggi, dan detektor yang sensitif telah menyebabkan perubahan kromatografi
kolom cair menjadi suatu sistem pemisahan dengan kecepatan dan efisiensi yang
tinggi. Metode ini dikenal sebagai kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Teknologi
kolom didasarkan atas penggunaan kolom berlubang kecil (diameter dalam antara 2
mm hingga 5 mm) dan isi kolom berupa partikel kecil (3</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m), yang memungkinkan tercapainya keseimbangan secara
cepat antara fase gerak dan fase diam. Teknologi kolom partikel kecil ini
memerlukan sistem pompa tekanan tinggi yang mampu mengalirkan fasa gerak pada
tekanan tinggi sampai 300 atmosfer, agar tercapai laju aliran beberapa ml per
menit. Oleh karena sering digunakan jumlah zat uji yang kecil (umumnya lebih
kecil dari 20 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">g) untuk isi kolom tersebut di atas, maka diperlukan
detektor yang sensitif. Dengan teknologi ini kromatografi cair dalam banyak hal
dapat menghasilkan pemisahan yang sangat cepat seperti pada kromatografi gas,
dengan keunggulan zat-zat yang tidak menguap atau tidak tahan panas dapat
dikromatografi tanpa peruraian atau tanpa perlunya membuat derivat yang dapat
menguap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fase diam dapat berupa cairan atau polimer, yang disalut
atau terikat secara kimia pada permukaan penyangga sebagai lapisan tipis, yang
mengurangi hambatan terhadap pemindahan masa, sehingga keseimbangan antara fase
gerak dan fase diam dapat tercapai dengan cepat. Suatu fase diam cair harus
mempunyai sifat praktis tak bercampur dengan fase gerak, umumnya fasa gerak
perlu dijenuhkan terlebih dahulu dengan fase diam cair, agar fase diam tidak
terbawa dari kolom. Fase diam berupa polimer yang disalutkan pada penyangga
umumnya lebih dapat bertahan. Suatu fase diam yang terikat secara kimia pada
penyangga lebih mudah pemakaiannya dengan beraneka ragam pelarut serta suhu
yang lebih tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Komposisi fase gerak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja
kromatografi dan harus dikendalikan dengan cermat. Komposisi dapat mempunyai
pengaruh yang jauh lebih besar terdadap faktor kapasitas daripada suhu, (faktor
kapasitas = <i>k</i> adalah perbandingan
waktu yang diperlukan selama berada dalam fase diam terhadap waktu yang
diperlukan selama berada dalam fase gerak).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan pengisi kolom lainnya dengan diameter yang lebih
kecil, antara 3 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 10 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m, hampir seluruhnya berpori dan memberikan pemisahan
yang lebih efisien dari pada partikel pengisi kolom berukuran antara 30 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m. Partikel tersebut dapat pula dibuat bersifat adsorpsi
atau dilapisi dengan suatu fase diam. Dalam hal ini pengisian ke dalam kolom
harus dibuat dalam bentuk bubur untuk mendapatkan efisiensi kolom yang tinggi,
berbeda dengan partikel berukuran antara 30 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span>m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m yang dapat diisikan dalam bentuk kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tiga bentuk kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi yang paling
banyak digunakan : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kromatografi
penukar ion terutama digunakan untuk pemisahan zat-zat larut dalam air yang
ionik atau yang dapat terionisasi dengan bobot molekul kurang dari 1500. Fase
diam pada kromatografi penukar ion umumnya resin organik sintetik dengan gugus
aktif yang berbeda-beda. Pada resin penukar kation terdapat gugus aktif yang
bermuatan negatif dan resin ini digunakan untuk pemisahan zat-zat bersifat
basa, misalnya amina. Sebaliknya pada resin penukar anion teredapat gugus aktif
bermuatan positif yang akan zat-zat dengan gugus fosfat, sulfonat atau
karboksilat, yang bermuatan negatif. Senyawa larut air yang ionik atau yang
dapat terionisasi akan mengalami tarikan oleh resin, dan perbedaan dalam
afinitas akan menyebabkan terjadinya pemisahan kromatografi. pH fase gerak,
suhu, jenis ion, konsentrasi ionik, dan senyawa organik tertentu yang berfungsi
untuk memodifikasi dapat mempengaruhi tertariknya zat terlarut, dan
variabel-variabel tersebut dapat diatur agar diperoleh derajat pemisahan yang
diinginkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada
kromatografi partisi digunakan fase gerak dan fase diam dengan polaritas yang
berbeda. Jika fase gerak bersifat polar dan fase diam non-polar, dikenal
sebagai kromatografi fase balik, maka senyawa non-polar yang larut dalam
hidrokarbon, dengan bobot molekul kurang dari 1000, seperti vitamin larut lemak
dan antrakinon, dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan atas afinitasnya terhadap fase
diam. Modifikasi pelarut fase gerak yang polar dengan pelarut yang kurang polar
menyebabkan berkurangnya afinitas serta retensi senyawa pada kolom. Jika fase
gerak bersifat non polar dan fase diam polar, maka zat yang bersifat polar,
seperti golongan alkohol dan amina dapat dikromatografi. Fase gerak yang
non-polar dapat dimodifikasi dengan suatu pelarut yang lebih polar, untuk
mengurangi retensi dan mengubah pemisahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beraneka
ragam senyawa non ionik dapat dikromatografi dengan kromatografi adsorpsi,
dengan memilih fase diam dan fase gerak yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
HPLC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75"
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg"
o:title="Foto1033"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Foto1033.jpg" height="375" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="500" /><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC adalah singkatan dari High
Performance Liquid Chromatography, yaitu alat yang berfungsi mendorong analit
melalui sebuah kolom dari fase diam ( yaitu sebuah tube dengan partikel bulat
kecil dengan permukaan kimia tertentu) dengan memompa cairan (fase bergerak)
pada tekanan tinggi melalui kolom. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC secara mendasar merupakan
perkembangan tingkat tinggi dari kromatografi kolom. Selain dari pelarut yang menetes
melalui kolom dibawah grafitasi, didukung melalui tekanan tinggi sampai dengan
400 atm. Ini membuatnya lebih cepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC
memperbolehkan penggunaan partikel yang berukuran sangat kecil untuk material
terpadatkan dalam kolom yang mana akan memberi luas permukaan yang lebih besar
berinteraksi antara fase diam dan molekul-molekul yang melintasinya. Hal ini
memungkinkan pemisahan yang lebih baik dari komponen-komponen dalam campuran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampel yang akan dianalisis
dijadikan dalam volume yang kecil dari fase bergerak dan diubah melalui reaksi
kimia oleh fase diam ketika sampel melalui sepanjang kolom. Tujuan penggunaan
alat ini adalah mengetahui kadar asam organik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span>Banyak dari
pengubahan tergantung dari sifat alami analit, fase diam, dan fase bergerak.
Waktu saat analit keluar dari ujung kolom disebut waktu retensi dan merupakan
suatu karakteristik yang unik dari tiap analit. Penggunaan dari tekanan
menaikkan kecepatan linear memberikan lebih sedikit waktu bagi analit untuk
berdifusi, dan menghasilkan chromatogram. Pelarut yang banyak digunakan yaitu
air dan zat-zat organik seperti methanol.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jika sampel mula-mula berbentuk padatan
harus di-<i>distruksi</i> dulu kemudian di-<i>treatment</i> sehingga berupa
larutan homogen yang tidak terdapat endapan lagi dan bening, karena syarat
sampel yang dapat dianalisa menggunakan HPLC adalah harus tidak ada endapan dan
harus bening.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip dasar dari HPLC adalah <span style="color: black;">pemisahan analit-analit berdasarkan kepolarannya</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Adapun prinsip kerja dari alat HPLC adalah ketika suatu sampel yang akan diuji
diinjeksikan ke dalam kolom maka sampel tersebut kemudian akan terurai dan
terpisah menjadi senyawa-senyawa kimia ( analit ) sesuai dengan perbedaan
afinitasnya. Hasil pemisahan tersebut kemudian akan dideteksi oleh detector
(spektrofotometer UV, fluorometer atau indeks bias) pada panjang gelombang
tertentu, hasil yang muncul dari detektor tersebut selanjutnya dicatat oleh
recorder yang biasanya dapat ditampilkan menggunakan integrator atau
menggunakan personal computer (PC) yang terhubung online dengan alat HPLC
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fasa gerak dan
fasa diam dalam HPLC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
dalam kromatografi cair komposisi dari solven atau fasa gerak adalah salah satu
dari variabel yang mempengaruhi pemisahan. Terdapat variasi yang sangat luas
pada solven yang digunakan untuk KCKT,<span>
</span>tetapi ada<span> </span>beberapa sifat
umum<span> </span>yang disukai, yaitu fasa gerak
harus : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Murni, tidak terdapat
kontaminan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bereaksi dengan
wadah (packing) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan defektor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melarutkan sampel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki viskositas
rendah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila diperlukan,
memudahkan "sample recovery" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperdagangan dapat
diperoleh dengan harga murah (reasonable price)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasa diam yanng biasa
digunakan (pada kolom) HPLC jenis fasa terbalik dimana R adalah rantai alkana
C-18 atau C-8. Sementara fas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">geraknya berupa larutan yang diatur komposisinya
(gradien elusi). Misalnya air: asetonitril (80:20). Hal ini bergantung pada
kepolaran anallit yang akan dipisahkan. Campuran analit akan terpisah
berdasarkan kepolarannya, dan kecepatan untuk sampai ke detektor (waktu
retensinya) akan berbeda, hal ini akan teramati pada spektrum yang
puncak-puncaknya terpisah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Komponen-komponen
HPLC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="generic%20HPLC" style='width:417pt;height:227.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:title="generic%20HPLC"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="generic%20HPLC" height="303" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="556" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol
pelarut (reservoir)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:297.75pt;
height:223.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="Foto1042"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="298" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1" width="397" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Botol untuk fase gerak (mobile
phase) dapat berisi campuran eluen atau eluen murni disesuaikan dengan
kepentingan analisa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pompa
(pump)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:363pt;
height:200.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Foto1039"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="267" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4" width="484" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Pompa berfungsi untuk memompa baik
eluen dan sampel yang disuntikan melalui injektor. Sebagian besar pompa HPLC
memiliki keluaran tekanan (output pressure) 1000-6000 psi dan mampu
menghasilkan aliran sampai 20 mL/menit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injektor
(injector)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:358.5pt;
height:191.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="Foto1038"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="255" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="478" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Injektor adalah tempat untuk
menyuntikan sampel ke dalam kolom. Sampel yang akan dimasukkan<span> </span>ke bagian<span>
</span>ujung kolom, harus dengan disturbansi yang minimum dari material kolom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom
(coloum)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:235.5pt;
height:301.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\NB500S~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="Foto1041"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="402" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_6" width="314" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kolom merupakan bagian yang sangat
penting dari disebut cartridge, ada pula yang terbuat dari stainless steel.
Kolom terdiri dari fase diam (oktil, oktadesil, fenil, nitril, amin, dll) yang
terikat secara kimia dengan partikel-partikel silika berpori yang terdapat
dibagian dalam kolom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Berhasil atau gagalnya suatu
analisis tergantung pada pemilihan kolom dan kondisi percobaan yang sesuai. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Kolom dapat dibagi menjadi dua
kelompok : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom
analitik : Diameter dalam 2 -6 mm. Panjang kolom tergantung pada jenis material
pengisi kolom. Untuk kemasan pellicular, panjang yang digunakan adalah 50 -100
cm. Untuk kemasan poros mikropartikulat, 10 -30 cm. Dewasa ini ada yang 5 cm. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom
preparatif: umumnya memiliki<span> </span>diameter 6
mm atau lebih besar dan panjang kolom 25 -100 cm. Kolom umumnya dibuat dari
stainlesteel dan biasanya dioperasikan pada temperatur kamar, tetapi bisa juga
digunakan temperatur lebih tinggi, terutama untuk<span> </span>kromatografi penukar ion dan kromatografi
eksklusi. Pengepakan kolom tergantung<span>
</span>pada model KCKT<span> </span>yang digunakan
(Liquid Solid Chromatography,<span> </span>LSC;
Liquid Liquid Chromatography, LLC; Ion<span>
</span>Exchange Chromatography,<span> </span>IEC,
Exclution Chromatography, EC) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Detektor
(detector)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:344.25pt;
height:192.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="Foto1040"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="257" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_7" width="459" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Detektor yang paling banyak
digunakan adalah detector ultra violet (UV)/Visible, fluorometer (terutama
untuk zat yang memiliki panjang gelombang eksitasi dan emisi) dan detektor
indeks bias.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu
detektor dibutuhkan untuk mendeteksi adanya komponen sampel di dalam kolom
(analisis kualitatif) dan menghitung kadamya (analisis kuantitatif). Detektor
yang baik memiliki sensitifitas yang tinggi, gangguan (noise) yang rendah,
kisar respons linier yang luas, dan memberi respons untuk semua tipe senyawa.
Suatu kepekaan yang rendah terhadap aliran dan<span>
</span>fluktuasi temperatur sangat diinginkan, tetapi tidak selalu dapat
diperoleh.<span> </span>Detektor KCKT yang umum
digunakan adalah detektor UV 254 nm. Variabel panjang gelombang dapat
digunakan<span> </span>untuk mendeteksi banyak<span> </span>senyawa dengan range yang lebih luas.
Detektor indeks refraksi juga digunakan secara luas, terutama pada kromatografi
eksklusi, tetapi umumnya kurang<span> </span>sensitif
jika dibandingkan dengan detektor UV. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komputer
(PC) dan Printer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:396pt;
height:327pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="Foto1034"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img height="436" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_8" width="528" /><!--[endif]--></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Komputer berisi software pengolahan
data yang menampilkan grafik dari pembacaan absorbansi sampel terhadap
perubahan waktu. Grafik hasil pembacaan disebut kromatogram.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara Menggunakan HPLC</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Pharmacy/6th%20semester/Farkog/xp/My%20Documents/meine%20dateien/Yahoo!%20Image%20Detail%20for%20elchem_kaist_ac_kr-vt-chem-ed-sep-lc-graphics-hplc-sch_gif_files/hplc_files/pehplc.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_9"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="pehplc"
href="file:///C:\Users\Pharmacy\6th%20semester\Farkog\xp\My%20Documents\meine%20dateien\Yahoo!%20Image%20Detail%20for%20elchem_kaist_ac_kr-vt-chem-ed-sep-lc-graphics-hplc-sch_gif_files\hplc_files\pehplc.jpg"
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o:button="t">
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah menganalisa menggunakan HPLC yaitu
mula-mula sampel diinjeksi dengan <i>syringe</i>. Kemudian sampel masuk ke <i>injection
hall</i>. Dari <i>injection hall </i>ini proses utama cara kerja HPLC dimulai,
yaitu dengan memompa sampel ke kolom oleh LC20AT dalam tekanan tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari kolom, sampel dijadikan fase bergerak dan diolah
dengan fase diam yaitu biasanya H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,05 N dan CH<sub>3</sub>OH
berdasarkan afinitas elektron. Setelah terpisah, dengan berbagai perhitungan
matematis, HPLC yang sudah disambungkan dengan komputer ini memberikan
pembacaan berupa <i>peak</i>. Setelah itu kita mencari luasan di bawah peak
untuk mengetahui kadar analit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus perhitungannya adalah y = ½ b.h yaitu persamaan
yang diplotkan dengan <i>least square</i>. Sesuai dengan pengerjaan <i>least
square</i>, maka sebelum menggunakan HPLC untuk analit, kita harus membuat
kurva standar terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan larutan standar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span> </span>Elusi Gradien didefinisikan sebagai penambahan kekuatan fasa
gerak selama analisis kromatografi berlangsung. Efek<span> </span>dari Elusi Gradien adalah<span> </span>mempersingkat waktu retensi dari
senyawa-senyawa yang<span> </span>tertahan kuat pada
kolom.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagram alir HPLC</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun cara untuk melihat seluruh proses<b> </b><i>diagram alir
HPLC<b>, </b></i>antara lain<b>:</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Injeksi<b><i> </i></b>sample</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Proses ini meliputi tekanan, tidak sama halnya dengan kromatografi gas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Waktu retensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Waktu yang dibutuhkan
oleh senyawa untuk bergerak melalui kolom menuju detektor Waktu retensi diukur
berdasarkan waktu dimana sampel diinjeksikan sampai sampel menunjukkan
ketinggian puncak yang maksimum dari senyawa itu. Senyawa-senyawa yang berbeda
memiliki waktu retensi yang berbeda. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Detektor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa cara untuk
mendeteksi substansi yang telah melewati kolom. Metode umum yang mudah dipakai
untuk menjelaskan yaitu penggunaan serapan ultra-violet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpretasi output dari
detector</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Output akan direkam sebagai rangkaian puncak-puncak, dimana masing-masing
puncak mewakili satu senyawa dalam campuran yang melalui detektor dan menyerap
sinar UV. Area yang berada dibawah puncak sebanding dengan jumlah X yang
melalui detektor, dan area ini dapat dihitung secara otomatis melalui layar
komputer. Area dihitung sebagai bagian yang berwarna hijau dalam gambar (sangat
sederhana).Jika larutan X kurang pekat, area dibawah puncak akan berkurang
meskipun waktu retensi akan sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan dan Kekurangan HPLC<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan <i>High Performance Liquid Chromatografi</i>:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isolasi zat yang tidak mudah menguap (non volatile)<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isolasi zat yang secara termal tidak stabil<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat diopersikan pada suhu kamar<b><i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu memisahkan
molekul-molekul dari suatu campuran </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudah digital sehingga
penggunaannya cepat, mudah dan lebih praktis</span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan analisis dan
kepekaan yang tinggi </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat dihindari
terjadinya dekomposisi / kerusakan bahan yang dianalisis </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resolusi yang baik </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat digunakan
bermacam-macam detektor </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom dapat digunakan
kembali </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah melakukan
"sample recovery" </span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan <i>High Performance Liquid Chromatografi</i>:<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan
harus dicari fase diamnya terlebih dulu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya
bisa digunakan untuk asam organic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus
mengetahui kombinasi yang optimum antara pelarut, analit, dan gradien elusi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harganya
mahal sehingga penggunaannya dalam lingkup penelitian yang terbatas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC adalah singkatan dari High Performance Liquid
Cromatography, yaitu alat yang berfungsi mendorong analit melalui sebuah kolom
dari fase diam ( yaitu sebuah tube dengan partikel bulat kecil dengan permukaan
kimia tertentu) dengan memompa cairan (fase bergerak) pada tekanan tinggi
melalui kolom. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC secara mendasar merupakan perkembangan tingkat
tinggi dari kromatografi kolom.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prinsip dasar dari HPLC adalah pemisahan analit-analit
berdasarkan kepolarannya sedangkan p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rinsip kerja
dari alat HPLC adalah ketika suatu sampel yang akan diuji diinjeksikan ke dalam
kolom maka sampel tersebut kemudian akan terurai dan terpisah menjadi
senyawa-senyawa kimia ( analit ) sesuai dengan perbedaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kepolaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> afinitasnya. Hasil
pemisahan tersebut kemudian akan dideteksi oleh detector (spektrofotometer UV,
fluorometer atau indeks bias) pada panjang gelombang tertentu, hasil yang
muncul dari detektor tersebut selanjutnya dicatat oleh recorder yang biasanya
dapat ditampilkan menggungakan integrator atau menggunakan personal computer
(PC) yang terhubung online dengan alat HPLC tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan dari penggunaan HPLC
yaitu :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih teliti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudah digital sehingga penggunaannya
cepat dan lebih praktis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mampu memisahkan
molekul-molekul dari suatu campuran <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah melaksanakannya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kecepatan analisis dan
kepekaan yang tinggi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat dihindari
terjadinya dekomposisi / kerusakan bahan yang dianalisis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resolusi yang baik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat digunakan
bermacam-macam detektor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom dapat digunakan
kembali <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah melakukan
"sample recovery" <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span>4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerugian dari penggunaan
HPLC yaitu :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan harus dicari fase diamnya
terlebih dulu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya bisa digunakan untuk asam organic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harus mengetahui kombinasi yang optimum
antara pelarut, analit, dan gradien elusi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span>·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harganya mahal sehingga penggunaannya dalam lingkup penelitian
yang terbatas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7352411523804620256.post-28461679010001306902012-05-29T18:20:00.001-07:002012-06-14T18:00:17.824-07:00HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENFAHULUAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Di zaman yang modern seperti sekarang ini, perkembangan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi melaju dengan pesatnya. Tuntutan kebutuhan hiduplah yang menjadikan manusia giat mengembangkan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Berbagai ilmu dikembangkan, mulai dari ilmu sosial hingga ilmu eksak. Seperti salah satu ilmu eksak yaitu ilmu kimia. Dalam praktiknya secara umum ilmu kimia, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sususnan, sifat, dan reaksi suatu unsur atau zat dalam berbagai jenis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>benda material. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dalam ilmu kimia banyak aspek-aspek penelitian yang dilakukan. Seperti halnya, yang paling spesifik yaitu pemisahan molekul- molekul dari senyawa zat nya, atau yang disebut dalam ilmu kimia yaitu K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romatografi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">. Kromatografi terbagi menjadi berbagai macam lagi. Salah satunya yaitu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">romatografi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">C</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">air</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inerja</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">inggi”</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> atau yang biasa di kenal HPLC.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kemajuan dalam teknologi kolom, sistem pompa tekanan tinggi, dan detektor yang sensitif telah menyebabkan perubahan kromatografi kolom cair menjadi suatu sistem pemisahan dengan kecepatan dan efisiensi yang tinggi. Metode ini dikenal sebagai kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Teknologi kolom didasarkan atas penggunaan kolom berlubang kecil (diameter dalam antara 2 mm hingga 5 mm) dan isi kolom berupa partikel kecil (3</span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m), yang memungkinkan tercapainya keseimbangan secara cepat antara fase gerak dan fase diam. Teknologi kolom partikel kecil ini memerlukan sistem pompa tekanan tinggi yang mampu mengalirkan fasa gerak pada tekanan tinggi sampai 300 atmosfer, agar tercapai laju aliran beberapa ml per menit. Oleh karena sering digunakan jumlah zat uji yang kecil (umumnya lebih kecil dari 20 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">g) untuk isi kolom tersebut di atas, maka diperlukan detektor yang sensitif. Dengan teknologi ini kromatografi cair dalam banyak hal dapat menghasilkan pemisahan yang sangat cepat seperti pada kromatografi gas, dengan keunggulan zat-zat yang tidak menguap atau tidak tahan panas dapat dikromatografi tanpa peruraian atau tanpa perlunya membuat derivat yang dapat menguap.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Fase diam dapat berupa cairan atau polimer, yang disalut atau terikat secara kimia pada permukaan penyangga sebagai lapisan tipis, yang mengurangi hambatan terhadap pemindahan masa, sehingga keseimbangan antara fase gerak dan fase diam dapat tercapai dengan cepat. Suatu fase diam cair harus mempunyai sifat praktis tak bercampur dengan fase gerak, umumnya fasa gerak perlu dijenuhkan terlebih dahulu dengan fase diam cair, agar fase diam tidak terbawa dari kolom. Fase diam berupa polimer yang disalutkan pada penyangga umumnya lebih dapat bertahan. Suatu fase diam yang terikat secara kimia pada penyangga lebih mudah pemakaiannya dengan beraneka ragam pelarut serta suhu yang lebih tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Komposisi fase gerak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kinerja kromatografi dan harus dikendalikan dengan cermat. Komposisi dapat mempunyai pengaruh yang jauh lebih besar terdadap faktor kapasitas daripada suhu, (faktor kapasitas = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">k</i> adalah perbandingan waktu yang diperlukan selama berada dalam fase diam terhadap waktu yang diperlukan selama berada dalam fase gerak).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bahan pengisi kolom lainnya dengan diameter yang lebih kecil, antara 3 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 10 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m, hampir seluruhnya berpori dan memberikan pemisahan yang lebih efisien dari pada partikel pengisi kolom berukuran antara 30 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m. Partikel tersebut dapat pula dibuat bersifat adsorpsi atau dilapisi dengan suatu fase diam. Dalam hal ini pengisian ke dalam kolom harus dibuat dalam bentuk bubur untuk mendapatkan efisiensi kolom yang tinggi, berbeda dengan partikel berukuran antara 30 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m hingga 50 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">m yang dapat diisikan dalam bentuk kering.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tiga bentuk kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi yang paling banyak digunakan : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Kromatografi penukar ion terutama digunakan untuk pemisahan zat-zat larut dalam air yang ionik atau yang dapat terionisasi dengan bobot molekul kurang dari 1500. Fase diam pada kromatografi penukar ion umumnya resin organik sintetik dengan gugus aktif yang berbeda-beda. Pada resin penukar kation terdapat gugus aktif yang bermuatan negatif dan resin ini digunakan untuk pemisahan zat-zat bersifat basa, misalnya amina. Sebaliknya pada resin penukar anion teredapat gugus aktif bermuatan positif yang akan zat-zat dengan gugus fosfat, sulfonat atau karboksilat, yang bermuatan negatif. Senyawa larut air yang ionik atau yang dapat terionisasi akan mengalami tarikan oleh resin, dan perbedaan dalam afinitas akan menyebabkan terjadinya pemisahan kromatografi. pH fase gerak, suhu, jenis ion, konsentrasi ionik, dan senyawa organik tertentu yang berfungsi untuk memodifikasi dapat mempengaruhi tertariknya zat terlarut, dan variabel-variabel tersebut dapat diatur agar diperoleh derajat pemisahan yang diinginkan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada kromatografi partisi digunakan fase gerak dan fase diam dengan polaritas yang berbeda. Jika fase gerak bersifat polar dan fase diam non-polar, dikenal sebagai kromatografi fase balik, maka senyawa non-polar yang larut dalam hidrokarbon, dengan bobot molekul kurang dari 1000, seperti vitamin larut lemak dan antrakinon, dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan atas afinitasnya terhadap fase diam. Modifikasi pelarut fase gerak yang polar dengan pelarut yang kurang polar menyebabkan berkurangnya afinitas serta retensi senyawa pada kolom. Jika fase gerak bersifat non polar dan fase diam polar, maka zat yang bersifat polar, seperti golongan alkohol dan amina dapat dikromatografi. Fase gerak yang non-polar dapat dimodifikasi dengan suatu pelarut yang lebih polar, untuk mengurangi retensi dan mengubah pemisahan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Beraneka ragam senyawa non ionik dapat dikromatografi dengan kromatografi adsorpsi, dengan memilih fase diam dan fase gerak yang tepat.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian HPLC</span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Foto1033.jpg" height="375" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="500" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC adalah singkatan dari High Performance Liquid Chromatography, yaitu alat yang berfungsi mendorong analit melalui sebuah kolom dari fase diam ( yaitu sebuah tube dengan partikel bulat kecil dengan permukaan kimia tertentu) dengan memompa cairan (fase bergerak) pada tekanan tinggi melalui kolom. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC secara mendasar merupakan perkembangan tingkat tinggi dari kromatografi kolom. Selain dari pelarut yang menetes melalui kolom dibawah grafitasi, didukung melalui tekanan tinggi sampai dengan 400 atm. Ini membuatnya lebih cepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC memperbolehkan penggunaan partikel yang berukuran sangat kecil untuk material terpadatkan dalam kolom yang mana akan memberi luas permukaan yang lebih besar berinteraksi antara fase diam dan molekul-molekul yang melintasinya. Hal ini memungkinkan pemisahan yang lebih baik dari komponen-komponen dalam campuran.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sampel yang akan dianalisis dijadikan dalam volume yang kecil dari fase bergerak dan diubah melalui reaksi kimia oleh fase diam ketika sampel melalui sepanjang kolom. Tujuan penggunaan alat ini adalah mengetahui kadar asam organik.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyak dari pengubahan tergantung dari sifat alami analit, fase diam, dan fase bergerak. Waktu saat analit keluar dari ujung kolom disebut waktu retensi dan merupakan suatu karakteristik yang unik dari tiap analit. Penggunaan dari tekanan menaikkan kecepatan linear memberikan lebih sedikit waktu bagi analit untuk berdifusi, dan menghasilkan chromatogram. Pelarut yang banyak digunakan yaitu air dan zat-zat organik seperti methanol.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jika sampel mula-mula berbentuk padatan harus di-<i>distruksi</i> dulu kemudian di-<i>treatment</i> sehingga berupa larutan homogen yang tidak terdapat endapan lagi dan bening, karena syarat sampel yang dapat dianalisa menggunakan HPLC adalah harus tidak ada endapan dan harus bening.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.7pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip dasar dari HPLC adalah <span style="color: black;">pemisahan analit-analit berdasarkan kepolarannya</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Adapun prinsip kerja dari alat HPLC adalah ketika suatu sampel yang akan diuji diinjeksikan ke dalam kolom maka sampel tersebut kemudian akan terurai dan terpisah menjadi senyawa-senyawa kimia ( analit ) sesuai dengan perbedaan afinitasnya. Hasil pemisahan tersebut kemudian akan dideteksi oleh detector (spektrofotometer UV, fluorometer atau indeks bias) pada panjang gelombang tertentu, hasil yang muncul dari detektor tersebut selanjutnya dicatat oleh recorder yang biasanya dapat ditampilkan menggunakan integrator atau menggunakan personal computer (PC) yang terhubung online dengan alat HPLC tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fasa gerak dan fasa diam dalam HPLC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam kromatografi cair komposisi dari solven atau fasa gerak adalah salah satu dari variabel yang mempengaruhi pemisahan. Terdapat variasi yang sangat luas pada solven yang digunakan untuk KCKT,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetapi ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>beberapa sifat umum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang disukai, yaitu fasa gerak harus : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Murni, tidak terdapat kontaminan </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tidak bereaksi dengan wadah (packing) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesuai dengan defektor </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melarutkan sampel </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memiliki viskositas rendah </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila diperlukan, memudahkan "sample recovery" </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diperdagangan dapat diperoleh dengan harga murah (reasonable price)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fasa diam yanng biasa digunakan (pada kolom) HPLC jenis fasa terbalik dimana R adalah rantai alkana C-18 atau C-8. Sementara fas</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">geraknya berupa larutan yang diatur komposisinya (gradien elusi). Misalnya air: asetonitril (80:20). Hal ini bergantung pada kepolaran anallit yang akan dipisahkan. Campuran analit akan terpisah berdasarkan kepolarannya, dan kecepatan untuk sampai ke detektor (waktu retensinya) akan berbeda, hal ini akan teramati pada spektrum yang puncak-puncaknya terpisah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Komponen-komponen HPLC</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="generic%20HPLC" height="303" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="556" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keterangan :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Botol pelarut (reservoir)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="298" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" width="397" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Botol untuk fase gerak (mobile phase) dapat berisi campuran eluen atau eluen murni disesuaikan dengan kepentingan analisa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pompa (pump)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="267" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" width="484" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pompa berfungsi untuk memompa baik eluen dan sampel yang disuntikan melalui injektor. Sebagian besar pompa HPLC memiliki keluaran tekanan (output pressure) 1000-6000 psi dan mampu menghasilkan aliran sampai 20 mL/menit.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Injektor (injector)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="255" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" width="478" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Injektor adalah tempat untuk menyuntikan sampel ke dalam kolom. Sampel yang akan dimasukkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ke bagian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ujung kolom, harus dengan disturbansi yang minimum dari material kolom. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom (coloum)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="402" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" width="314" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kolom merupakan bagian yang sangat penting dari disebut cartridge, ada pula yang terbuat dari stainless steel. Kolom terdiri dari fase diam (oktil, oktadesil, fenil, nitril, amin, dll) yang terikat secara kimia dengan partikel-partikel silika berpori yang terdapat dibagian dalam kolom.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berhasil atau gagalnya suatu analisis tergantung pada pemilihan kolom dan kondisi percobaan yang sesuai. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kolom dapat dibagi menjadi dua kelompok : </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom analitik : Diameter dalam 2 -6 mm. Panjang kolom tergantung pada jenis material pengisi kolom. Untuk kemasan pellicular, panjang yang digunakan adalah 50 -100 cm. Untuk kemasan poros mikropartikulat, 10 -30 cm. Dewasa ini ada yang 5 cm. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom preparatif: umumnya memiliki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diameter 6 mm atau lebih besar dan panjang kolom 25 -100 cm. Kolom umumnya dibuat dari stainlesteel dan biasanya dioperasikan pada temperatur kamar, tetapi bisa juga digunakan temperatur lebih tinggi, terutama untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kromatografi penukar ion dan kromatografi eksklusi. Pengepakan kolom tergantung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada model KCKT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang digunakan (Liquid Solid Chromatography,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LSC; Liquid Liquid Chromatography, LLC; Ion<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Exchange Chromatography,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IEC, Exclution Chromatography, EC) </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Detektor (detector)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="257" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" width="459" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Detektor yang paling banyak digunakan adalah detector ultra violet (UV)/Visible, fluorometer (terutama untuk zat yang memiliki panjang gelombang eksitasi dan emisi) dan detektor indeks bias.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Suatu detektor dibutuhkan untuk mendeteksi adanya komponen sampel di dalam kolom (analisis kualitatif) dan menghitung kadamya (analisis kuantitatif). Detektor yang baik memiliki sensitifitas yang tinggi, gangguan (noise) yang rendah, kisar respons linier yang luas, dan memberi respons untuk semua tipe senyawa. Suatu kepekaan yang rendah terhadap aliran dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fluktuasi temperatur sangat diinginkan, tetapi tidak selalu dapat diperoleh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Detektor KCKT yang umum digunakan adalah detektor UV 254 nm. Variabel panjang gelombang dapat digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk mendeteksi banyak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>senyawa dengan range yang lebih luas. Detektor indeks refraksi juga digunakan secara luas, terutama pada kromatografi eksklusi, tetapi umumnya kurang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sensitif jika dibandingkan dengan detektor UV. </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komputer (PC) dan Printer</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="436" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="528" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komputer berisi software pengolahan data yang menampilkan grafik dari pembacaan absorbansi sampel terhadap perubahan waktu. Grafik hasil pembacaan disebut kromatogram.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara Menggunakan HPLC</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href=""><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><img alt="pehplc" border="0" height="214" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.jpg" width="511" /></span></span></a></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Langkah-langkah menganalisa menggunakan HPLC yaitu mula-mula sampel diinjeksi dengan <i>syringe</i>. Kemudian sampel masuk ke <i>injection hall</i>. Dari <i>injection hall </i>ini proses utama cara kerja HPLC dimulai, yaitu dengan memompa sampel ke kolom oleh LC20AT dalam tekanan tinggi.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari kolom, sampel dijadikan fase bergerak dan diolah dengan fase diam yaitu biasanya H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> 0,05 N dan CH<sub>3</sub>OH berdasarkan afinitas elektron. Setelah terpisah, dengan berbagai perhitungan matematis, HPLC yang sudah disambungkan dengan komputer ini memberikan pembacaan berupa <i>peak</i>. Setelah itu kita mencari luasan di bawah peak untuk mengetahui kadar analit.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rumus perhitungannya adalah y = ½ b.h yaitu persamaan yang diplotkan dengan <i>least square</i>. Sesuai dengan pengerjaan <i>least square</i>, maka sebelum menggunakan HPLC untuk analit, kita harus membuat kurva standar terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan larutan standar.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Elusi Gradien didefinisikan sebagai penambahan kekuatan fasa gerak selama analisis kromatografi berlangsung. Efek<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari Elusi Gradien adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempersingkat waktu retensi dari senyawa-senyawa yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertahan kuat pada kolom.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagram alir HPLC</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><img align="left" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/analisis/hplc1.gif" height="241" hspace="12" src="file:///C:/Users/NB500S%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="361" /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun cara untuk melihat seluruh proses<b> </b><i>diagram alir HPLC<b>, </b></i>antara lain<b>:</b></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Injeksi<b><i> </i></b>sample</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Proses ini meliputi tekanan, tidak sama halnya dengan kromatografi gas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Waktu retensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh senyawa untuk bergerak melalui kolom menuju detektor Waktu retensi diukur berdasarkan waktu dimana sampel diinjeksikan sampai sampel menunjukkan ketinggian puncak yang maksimum dari senyawa itu. Senyawa-senyawa yang berbeda memiliki waktu retensi yang berbeda. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Detektor</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa cara untuk mendeteksi substansi yang telah melewati kolom. Metode umum yang mudah dipakai untuk menjelaskan yaitu penggunaan serapan ultra-violet.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Interpretasi output dari detector</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Output akan direkam sebagai rangkaian puncak-puncak, dimana masing-masing puncak mewakili satu senyawa dalam campuran yang melalui detektor dan menyerap sinar UV. Area yang berada dibawah puncak sebanding dengan jumlah X yang melalui detektor, dan area ini dapat dihitung secara otomatis melalui layar komputer. Area dihitung sebagai bagian yang berwarna hijau dalam gambar (sangat sederhana).Jika larutan X kurang pekat, area dibawah puncak akan berkurang meskipun waktu retensi akan sama.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan dan Kekurangan HPLC</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">High Performance Liquid Chromatografi</i>:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isolasi zat yang tidak mudah menguap (non volatile)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isolasi zat yang secara termal tidak stabil</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat diopersikan pada suhu kamar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mampu memisahkan molekul-molekul dari suatu campuran </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sudah digital sehingga penggunaannya cepat, mudah dan lebih praktis</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kecepatan analisis dan kepekaan yang tinggi </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat dihindari terjadinya dekomposisi / kerusakan bahan yang dianalisis </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resolusi yang baik </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat digunakan bermacam-macam detektor </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom dapat digunakan kembali </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mudah melakukan "sample recovery" </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></i></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">High Performance Liquid Chromatografi</i>:</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Larutan harus dicari fase diamnya terlebih dulu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hanya bisa digunakan untuk asam organic</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harus mengetahui kombinasi yang optimum antara pelarut, analit, dan gradien elusi</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harganya mahal sehingga penggunaannya dalam lingkup penelitian yang terbatas</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC adalah singkatan dari High Performance Liquid Cromatography, yaitu alat yang berfungsi mendorong analit melalui sebuah kolom dari fase diam ( yaitu sebuah tube dengan partikel bulat kecil dengan permukaan kimia tertentu) dengan memompa cairan (fase bergerak) pada tekanan tinggi melalui kolom. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HPLC secara mendasar merupakan perkembangan tingkat tinggi dari kromatografi kolom.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Prinsip dasar dari HPLC adalah pemisahan analit-analit berdasarkan kepolarannya sedangkan p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rinsip kerja dari alat HPLC adalah ketika suatu sampel yang akan diuji diinjeksikan ke dalam kolom maka sampel tersebut kemudian akan terurai dan terpisah menjadi senyawa-senyawa kimia ( analit ) sesuai dengan perbedaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> kepolaran</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> afinitasnya. Hasil pemisahan tersebut kemudian akan dideteksi oleh detector (spektrofotometer UV, fluorometer atau indeks bias) pada panjang gelombang tertentu, hasil yang muncul dari detektor tersebut selanjutnya dicatat oleh recorder yang biasanya dapat ditampilkan menggungakan integrator atau menggunakan personal computer (PC) yang terhubung online dengan alat HPLC tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan dari penggunaan HPLC yaitu :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih teliti</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sudah digital sehingga penggunaannya cepat dan lebih praktis</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mampu memisahkan molekul-molekul dari suatu campuran </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah melaksanakannya </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kecepatan analisis dan kepekaan yang tinggi </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat dihindari terjadinya dekomposisi / kerusakan bahan yang dianalisis </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Resolusi yang baik </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dapat digunakan bermacam-macam detektor </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kolom dapat digunakan kembali </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mudah melakukan "sample recovery" </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerugian dari penggunaan HPLC yaitu :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan harus dicari fase diamnya terlebih dulu</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanya bisa digunakan untuk asam organic</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harus mengetahui kombinasi yang optimum antara pelarut, analit, dan gradien elusi.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harganya mahal sehingga penggunaannya dalam lingkup penelitian yang terbatas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>Putrawan Bachriulhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08222228921996649989noreply@blogger.com0